Millennials and Post-Millennials Usageof Social Media and their Awareness of Sex Trafficking Introduction This capstone project focuseson the correlation between millennials and post millennials usage of socialmedia and how that connects to their awareness of sex trafficking in the UnitedStates. The study takes a social scientific approach by utilizing a surveytargeting millennial and post-millennial students at Xavier University ofLouisiana. Millennials are those who were born between 1977 to 1995, while post-millennials arethose born 1996 to 2010 ( Williams). The study measures the respondents awareness, knowledge, and concern about the issue of sex trafficking. TheDepartment of Homeland Security blue campaign page (2010) defines humantrafficking as a modern-day form of slavery involving the illegal trade ofpeople for exploitation or commercial gain. There are 20.9 millionhuman trafficking victims worldwide according to the International LaborOrganization. In 2015, the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crimes state thatsexual exploitation is the common trafficking issue even more than forcedlabor. In the United States, there are more than 4,000 cases of sex traffickingaccording to findings by the National Human Trafficking Resource Center in2015. According to the National Human Trafficking Resource Center humantrafficking on a global scale is a lucrative 150-billion-dollar annual industry.(Alvarez)Millennials and post-millennials use social media to stay informed on social justice issues. Zeynep Tufekci (2013) found that with the spread of the Internet in the last two decades, social movements have become increasingly reliant on new digital technologies for networking and information sharing. Social media platforms make it easy to spread a message across the world or spark conversations or discussions about social justice topics. The availability of social media is present on gaming consoles, smart phones, tablets, and laptops. From November 2006 to September 2009 93% of American youths between ages 12-17 have been using social media, a percentage than remain constant. (Lenhart, Percell, Smith, & Zickuhr 2010). When compared to Young adults, age 18-29 usages of social media is the same as youths. (Lenhart, Percell, Smith, & Zickuhr 2010)According to PEW Research Center who conducted a national survey of 1,520 adults March 7-April 4, 2016: Facebook continues to be Americas most popular social networking platform by a substantial margin: Nearly eight-in-ten online Americans1 (79%) now use Facebook, more than double the share that uses Twitter (24%), Pinterest (31%), Instagram (32%) or LinkedIn (29%). On a total population basis (accounting for Americans who do not use the internet at all), that means that 68% of all U.S. adults are Facebook users, while 28% use Instagram, 26% use Pinterest, 25% use LinkedIn and 21% use Twitter. (quoted from Greenwood, Perrin and Duggan) Based on the information available on social media use in terms of viewing videos, text, images and blogs, the individuals awareness of social issues such as sex trafficking may shift. In fact, sex trafficking content is becoming more and more seen through social media outlets. One recent example was the video on February 15th, 2017 of Ashton Kutcher speaking to Congress on behalf of his company that combats sex trafficking. This was shared on social media platforms over two million times in a span of two days (CBS News, 2017, February 15).This study thus uses framing theory to look at how social media usersprocess the information they see on social issues. The agenda of sextrafficking awareness in social media focuses on targeting people with picturesand videos regarding how it happens, where it happens, how to help prevent it,warning signs, and other general information for the individual to know. Thisstudy will help us understand social media as a platform that allows contentproducers to raise awareness of social issues such as sex trafficking.Review of Literature SexTrafficking Sex Trafficking is a global issue that affects men, women, and children. It does not discriminate based on race, gender, or religion; anyone can be trafficked. The trafficking of young women and children for prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation is one of the most significant human rights abuses in contemporary society (Curtol, Decarli, Di Nicola, & Savona, 2004). Those who are trafficked internationally almost 50% of them are children and 70% to 80% are female. (U.S. Department of State, 2004). Of those numbers over 70% are trafficked for sexual exploitation. (U.S. Department of State, 2004). Even though sex trafficking is the largest portion of human trafficking it has grown to new heights in the last 10 years. (Flowers, 2001; Kelly, 2004; Monzini, 2004; Struhsaker, Schatz & Furman, 2002; Hodge, D. R. 2008). (Sexual Trafficking in The United States: A Domestic Problem with Transnational Dimensions.)The United States Department of State in the TIP (2011) defines sex trafficking as an act in which an adult is coerced, forced, or deceived into prostitution or maintained in prostitution through coercion. If the person is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age, then he or she is considered to have been trafficked no matter whether consent was given or not (The United States Department of State in the TIP, 2011 pg. 1). If a minor was coerced in any way to perform a sexual act, he or she is considered to be a victim of sex trafficking. SocialMediaSocial media is used by millennials and post-millennials for many things, which range from keeping in touch with old friends to sharing information. This study considers how social media affects college students awareness of social issues. Does it enhance their awareness? Does it make them blind to social issues that are happening in the world? The use of social networking sites, Facebook in particular, have become a major avenue of communication (Giraldi, 2016). This allows people to be able to post videos or pictures, allowing others to comment which sparks a discussion. In addition, Facebook shows other content that is related to a posted video that is then liked by users. Facebook has become a platform where people can discuss any topic of their choice to include social issues. While some argue, Facebook is only a disseminator of information, others argue that it is also a motivator of social activism (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). Social media and networking technologies help people connect with one another based on shared interests, political views, or activities. Some social media and networking Web sites are broad and offer practices to diverse audiences, while others focus specifically on certain hobbies and interests. Sites also vary in the communication tools they offer to users, including mobile connectivity, blogging, and photo/video sharing (Boyd & Ellison, 2007). Facebook profiles include ones social ties, both strong and weak, and has the potential to expose users to different information daily. Tufecki (2013)stated, Social sharing networks such as Facebook, Twitter, e-mail, YouTube,and other outlets provide ways to reach social movement members with mobilizingmessages on a similar scale as radio and television but without usingtraditional broadcast channels (p. 3). Social media allows individuals to stayin tune and grab information for whatever issue they are looking. It canprovide a window to the past and present, as well as future actions that may betaken in regards to combating sexual trafficking. When speaking on the impactof social media, Lica & Tuta (2011) stated, Improvements in computers,mobile technologies and integrated technologies have played an essential rolein bringing the world together, and adding ease to the way people communicatewith each other (p. 13). Technology has advanced through time, and the worldis seen as smaller due to the ability of being able to communicate with anybody,anywhere, at any time. In addition, this adds to the amount of information thatis available for individuals to be able to access. In recent years, we have been paying attention to incredibly violent acts by law enforcement and prejudice through Facebook. The last few years we have been prevue to fatal situations between African-American males and Caucasian police officers. Some of these losses range from teens to adults 12-year-old Tamir Rice, 18-year-old Michael Brown, and 43-year-old Eric Garner. These 3 African American males are just some of the victims to lose their lives since 2012 due to fatal encounters with white officers and Facebook has been used as a platform to inform us of these tragic incidents. (Giraldi, N. A., 2016 pg. 2)In response to these tragic events, asocial movement started which later turned into an organization called BlackLives Matter (Giraldi, N. A., 2016). The use ofsocial media as a tool of awareness is very relevant because this is how millennialsand post-millennials communicate and receive information. The utilization of social media is common among college students.Having been raised in a digital world, a vast majority of young adults are moreproficient with using technology than older individuals (Jones, Ramanau, Cross& Healing, 2010). Socialmedia as a platform for social change is a growing trend. Change.org and Go FundMe are popular sites, as are the hashtags #alllivesmatter and #blacklivesmatteron Facebook. Social mediaare primarily Internet and mobile-based tools for sharing information,interacting, and building relationships among individuals. Social mediaencompasses interactions that take place between individuals who incorporatethe use of different technologies, telecommunication, and social relations.According to Brogan (2010), people are necessary to make conversations happen,which is the overall purpose of social media, to empower and enableconversations digitally (p. 1). Forms of social media include blogging,podcasting, video blogging, and all other various social networks. Each ofthese is designed to give society a way to reach out and connect with others.People like to engage in social media to feel like they are being heard andthat their thoughts and feelings are respected (Brogan, 2010). Cultivation TheoryCultivation theory, in its most basic form, suggests that media is responsible for shaping or cultivating viewers conceptions of social reality. The combined effect of mass media exposure by viewers over time subtly shapes the perception of social reality for individuals and, ultimately, for our culture as a whole (Gerbner, 1998). One of the key principles behind cultivation theory is repeated exposure. It is suggested that the more time an individual spends in the television world, then the more likely that individual is going to report having social realities that are congruent with the social realities seen on television (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, & Signorielli, 1980). Cultivation theory is significant in mass communication. It states if a heavy viewer is exposed to more violence content eventually effected by the Mean WorldSyndrome, an idea that the world is worse than it actually is. That the viewer will tend to act on what they perceive is a threat and are more willing to take violent action to protect oneself. (Gerbner and Gross, 1976). It showed that prolonged exposure to television will affect the concept of socialrealities of the viewer. According to Shrum In general, the relation betweenviewing and various types of judgments are modest but reliable (Shrum et al. 2011 pg. 37).The emergence of the Internet has changed peoples media usage. As the Internet can also perform the function of television, it is possible for it to have cultivation effects and is worth being discussed in this study. According to North, Gerbner has a theory called Mainstreaming. According to north it is an idea that our views are shaped from long consistent exposure to social media (Gerbner, 1998). It states that the longer we are exposed to certain views and ideologies it can influence other factors (Gerbner, 1998). Repeated exposure is very important for cultivation to happen. Only from repeated exposure can patterns by stable enough affect your views and ideologies. (Gerbner, 1998). The more exposure that happens through constant messages, people will begin to share views that are in line with what they have been exposed to and that it Mainstreaming (Gerbner, 1998) (North, 2011, pg1). If we take a look at how social justiceissues are presented on social media either by video or pictures they show yousomething that tugs at your heart strings or something that makes you feelsorry. According to Huang et al. (2012), It is found that the perceptions ofthe quality of the content and empathy affect three benefit expectations ofcontrol, inclusion, and affection, and these three benefit expectationsaffected the forwarding intention of the users. Huangs study attempted to show what factors influence uswhen we share videos and our reasoning behind sharing them. Huang study alsoshowed that people shared videos in order to influence your opinion on certaintopics. Someanalysts have investigated that the heavy viewers of a particular program tendto visit the respective programs official website more than the light viewers,who building a better website loyalty. This loyalty leads to an increase in theuse of Interactive Online Product Placement, which has a positive influence onthe viewers attitude toward the sponsor, and their purchase intentions (Linand Cho 2010). This study used cultivation theory as a way to look at viewers consumption of a particular brand and how it uses social media and television media to attract customers to look for and buy that particular product. The following research question andhypothesis guide the study:RQ1: How doessocial media affect generational knowledge of sex trafficking through the lensof social media? H1: I predictthat social media usage has a positive correlation with millennials andpost-millennials knowledge of sex trafficking.MethodsParticipants:The participants for this project were 100 studentsfrom Xavier University of Louisiana. An exploratory,descriptive, quantitative instrument was used to gauge students awareness,knowledge, and concern of sex trafficking in relation to their use of socialmedia. According to my datanearly three Quarters (76%) of my participants were Black /African American,(9%) were Asian, (4%) were Native American, (3%) were Caucasian, (3%) wereLatino, (2%) were Native Hawaiian, while (3%) were Other. My participants wererelatively young (M= 2.31, SD=.53). Those below the age of 18 were (1%), whilethose ages 18-19 were (69%), those from age 20-23 were (28%), while those ages24-27 were (2%). For gender the (M= 1.71, SD=.46), females made up (71%) ofparticipants, while males made up (29%) of participants. For my participants classification(M=1.59, SD=.83). Freshman made up (59%) of participants, Sophomores made up(27%) of participants, Juniors made up (10%) of participants, while Seniorsmade up (4%) of participants.Materials: Thesurvey was 20-item Likert-scaleand multiple choice questionnaire. Thequestions were broken into four categories: social media usage (e.g. Why do you use an online social network?),awareness of sex trafficking (e.g.When/if you use social media, do you ever come across political campaignsand/or activists?), knowledge of sextrafficking (e.g. According to the Department of Homeland security whichstate has the most sex trafficked victims?),and the relationship between social media and sex trafficking (e.g. How do you hear of breaking news in regards tosocial media?). Demographic data was alsocollected, including the race, age, gender, and classification in school ofparticipants. Procedure:The surveys were administered in six lower-levelCommunication Studies classes, including Health Communication, Public Speaking,and Intercultural Communication. They are all core curriculum classes for theoral communication component requirement, and there were a wide range ofstudents from different majors in this core classes. The surveys were carriedout over a two-week period. Using a prepared script, I introduced myself, mymajor, and explained the survey and research project (see Appendix A). Then, I distributed the survey to participating students. FindingsBecause of the demographics and types ofquestions that were asked in this survey it became necessary to run several T-testsand Bivariate Correlations to analyze my results. A t-test is used to show thedifference between two means, while a bivariate correlation is used to see how onevariable has influence over another variable. In my case does social usage havea positive or negative correlation when it comes to awareness and knowledge ofsex trafficking. For my T-tests I looked at age, race, gender, andclassification. I ran a total of twenty T-test, one for each question. A paired-samples t-test was conducted to compare social mediafrequency to social media raising awareness of sex trafficking. There was asignificant difference in the scores social media frequency (M=1.22, SD=.70)and awareness (M=1.55, SD=.66); t (99) =-3.87, p = 0.003. These results showthat social media has an influence on awareness of sex traffickingThe questions about social media usage section showed me that over seventy-five percent of my survey participants first became aware of sex trafficking or social justice issues through the lens of social media and that most of them are from the post-millennial group. While millennials who made up the remaining twenty-five percent of my data showed fifty percent of them first became aware of social media through the lens of social media, while the remaining twenty-five percent first became aware through college course here at Xavier University. I ran a bivariate correlation on social media frequency and social media raising awareness of sex trafficking my results were that There was a positive correlation between the social media frequency and social media raising awareness of sex trafficking, r = .88, n =100, p = .3.The actual knowledge questions from the surveyshowed that social media usage had a slight positive correlation to knowledgeof social media Two particular questions from the survey needed actualknowledge of sex trafficking in order for participants to answer it correctly. Thefirst question was: To the best of your knowledge, which threecities in California are hot beds for trafficking?The second question was: To thebest of your knowledge what is the average age of trafficked youth in America?My results showed that sixty percent of participants answered both of themcorrect. I ran a correlation test on both of these questions along with socialmedia frequency. The first was frequency and California r=.62, n=100, p=.2. Thesecond was frequency and age r=.55, n=100, p=.2. This shows that social media hasa slight positive correlation to knowledge of sex trafficking, and it can beused as a tool for educating these media heavy generations about the dangers ofsex trafficking. The data also showed that Facebook (24%) and twitter (33%)were the two most used forms of social media among participants.Discussions: H1: I predict that social media usage has a positive correlation with millennials and post-millennials knowledge of sex trafficking.The results of myT-test and Bivariate correlations show that my hypothesis is correct. Thisshows that social media affects knowledge of sex trafficking, and that it has apositive correlation to millennials and post-millennials knowledge of sextrafficking. The 16 questions that dealt with social media usage and sextrafficking knowledge show a slight positive correlation between social mediausage and millennials and post-millennials knowledge of sex trafficking. It isstill significant because now we see how to target this generation and futuregenerations and educate them on trafficking. Because of this, I believe thatmore data on this subject need to be collected in order to really see howsocial media affects these two generations knowledge of social justice issues.If the same findings can be found again in future case studies, then we canmake the claim that social media is significant as a communication tool. Withmy case study, I do see many limitations. The first one is that femaleparticipants greatly outnumbered the male participants. The second was the factthat post-millennials outnumber millennials in this survey. The third was notbeing able to administer my survey to a much larger student population atXavier University. My suggestion for future research is that CommunicationStudies and other communication disciplines can use my case study as a steppingstone to not only to educate but to raise awareness of social justice issuesamongst our generations and future generations. We can no longer leave our fatein the hands of those older than we are. This is not their future problem; itis ours. Overall, I think that this topic of social media will remain veryrelevant for communications majors. Social media has allowed us to communicatefaster than ever before. It has slowly evolved from a minor form ofcommunicating to the communication of choice for two generations and it willcontinue to grow with us.Appendix A Letterof Informed ConsentSocial Media and Sex Trafficking SurveyYou are invited to participate in a research study investigating millennials and post-millennials and their awareness of sex trafficking through the use of social media. You were selected as a possible participant in this research because you are a member of the general public. Please read this form before you agree to be in the study. Procedures If you decide to participate, you will beasked to complete a survey, which will take approximately 10-15 minutes tocomplete. The survey will include questions asking how much you agree ordisagree with specific statements and a brief section with general demographicquestions. Approximately 100 participants will be surveyed.Risks and Benefits of Being in the Study There are no known risks in this research. The benefit of participation in this research is up to the discretion of your professor. Confidentiality The data from this survey is completelyanonymous. The surveys will not contain or ask for any identifying information.Only the researcher named in this form will have access to the surveys. Voluntary Nature of the Study Participation in this research study isvoluntary. If you decide to participate in this research study, you are free tostop at any time. You may also skip any questions that you do not want not toanswer. If you do not wish to participate in this study, please exit the surveynow. Completing and submitting the survey implies your consent to participate inthis research. Once you have submitted your survey, there is no way to excludeyour data from the project as surveys and data are anonymous. Contacts and Questions If you have any questions, please feel free to contact the researcher listed above.Sign to indicate your willingness toparticipate.Full name SignatureAppendix B Social Media and Sex Trafficking Survey Demographics:1. Please specify your genderMaleFemale2. Please specify your age Under 18 years 18-19 20-23 24-27 28-36 37+3. What is your race/ethnicity?American Indian or Native AlaskanAsianBlack or African AmericanCaucasianHispanic or LatinoNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific IslanderOther (please indicate: _____________________)4. What is yourclassification?FreshmanSophomoreJuniorSeniorGraduate studentSocial Media Usage:5. Which of thefollowing social media networks do you have an account on? (you may indicatemore than one)FacebookInstagramTwitterOther (please indicate: _____________________)I do not have a social media account. 6. Which of thefollowing social media networks do you use most often? (choose one)FacebookInstagramTwitterOther (please indicate: _____________________)I do not have a social media account. 7. How frequentlydo you use social media?DailyWeeklyMonthlyAlmost neverI do not have a social media account. 8. If you usesocial media daily, how many total hours do you spend each day?Less than 1 hour per day1- 4 hours per day5- 10 hours per day11- 15 hours per dayMore than 15 hours per dayI do not use social media daily.9. How often do social justice issuesappear on the social media network you use the most? Very Often Often Occasionally Rarely Never (I have never seen a social justice issue on my social media network)10. Throughwhat source do you most often hear about social justice issues? Social mediaTelevision news (ex: CNN or Anderson Cooper).Print mediaInternet searchesFamily or friends11. Social mediahas raised my awareness of a particular social justice issue?Strongly AgreeAgreeNeutralDisagreeStrongly Disagree12. In youropinion, what is the most effective way to raise awareness of a social justiceissue?Social media Traditional mediaPublic protest/demonstrationsWord of mouthOther (__________________________) Sex Trafficking Knowledge:13. How much do you know about sex trafficking?I consider myself very knowledgeable about this subject.I know some but not all of the information surrounding this subject.I dont know very much about this subject.I dont know what sex trafficking is.14. Where did you first see information on sex trafficking?Social MediaCollege course (Name the course: ____________)Television (Ex. News, TV Shows, Movies)Other (please indicate: _____________________)I have never seen information on sex trafficking.15. What do you think is the primary cause or push factorbehind the growing problem of sex trafficking?PovertySexPreventative educationNot enough people care about the issue16. To the best ofyour knowledge which of these states has the most trafficked victims?CaliforniaFlorida New YorkLouisiana17. To the best ofyour knowledge did sex trafficking increase or decrease in 2016?IncreasedDecreased18. To the best of yourknowledge what is the average age of trafficked youth in America?12-1414-1616-1818-2019. To the best ofyour knowledge how many victims are sex trafficked into America annually?less than 5,000approximately 10,000approximately 17,000more than 25,00020. To the best ofyour knowledge which three cities in California are hot beds for trafficking?Sacramento, Oakland, San JoseSan Diego, Pasadena, Huntington BeachLong Beach, Los Angeles, San FranciscoPasadena, Oakland, San JoseLos Angeles, San Diego, San FranciscoReferencesAlvarez, Priscilla. 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