Single spaced at least 2-4 pages
chapter 5 as below

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Americans share a range of core beliefs. And, as we learned in the previous section, a broad range of socialization agents—from the news media and popular entertainment to government leaders and the schools—reinforce one another to shape our ideas about what it means to be an American and to live in the United States. However, Americans also grow up and live in a variety of distinctive environments that shape general political outlooks and specific attitudes in distinctive ways. In this section, we explore some of the most significant circumstances that define and often divide us in our political views.16

Race and Ethnicity
Polling reveals differences in political attitudes that divide significantly along racial and ethnic lines. Among the biggest differences are those between white and black Americans. Hispanics and Asian Americans also have some distinctive political opinions. Many white ethnic groups, however, are no longer much different from other members of the population.

African Americans
On most core beliefs about the American system, few differences are discernible between black Americans and other Americans.17 Similar percentages of each group believe, for example, that people can get ahead by working hard, that providing for equal opportunity is more important than ensuring equal outcomes, and that the federal government should balance its budget. Equal numbers say they are proud to be Americans and believe democracy to be the best form of government. On a range of other political issues, however, the racial divide looms large,18 particularly with respect to what role government should play in helping people and making America more equal. But Barack Obama’s election to the presidency made African Americans more confident in the country and their place in it. Indeed, African Americans now believe more than white Americans that voting is a duty and that casting a ballot makes a difference.19

Partisanship is one important area where African Americans differ from whites. Blacks, who stayed loyal to the Republican party (the party of Lincoln and of Reconstruction) long after the Civil War, became Democrats in large proportions in the 1930s during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal greatly expanded the federal government’s role in providing safety nets for the poor and unemployed. During the civil rights struggles of the 1960s, African Americans began to identify overwhelmingly as Democrats and continue to do so today. In 2012, African Americans were the most solidly Democratic of any group in the population: 87 percent said they were Democrats or independents who leaned toward the Democrats, while less than 5 percent called themselves Republicans or Republican leaners (see Figure 5.1). In 2012, 95 percent of African Americans voted for African American Democrat Barack Obama; only 3 percent supported Republican Mitt Romney.20