Part II BIOLOGY
Chapters 3 and 4
Part II BIOLOGY
Chapter 3
Substance Misuse, Dependence, and the Body
Recent Trends
Development of PET scans, fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
Craving research
New facts on brain damage
Depressants Alcohol
Figure 3.1alcohol involvement: 47% of homicides; 34% of drownings; 42% of fire injuries; 47% of young male car crashes; 50% date rape; 16% child abuse (doesnt count neglect); 23% of suicide.
International studies show high correlation
with partner violence.
College student deaths per year 1,825 (NIAAA, 2010)
Father MartinChalk Talks
Jocose drunk, amorose, bellicose, lachrymose drunks
Our additions: somnos drunk, (sleepy) clamorose, (loud), scientose (know it all)
Global Drinking Patterns
Europeans consume six times as much alcohol as southeast Asians
Moldova, the Czech Republic, drink around 18 liters per capita each year.
Eastern Europeanshard liquor
British and Irishbeer
French and Italianswine
High ratesindigenous populations Northern Sweden and Northern Canada
Alcohol continued
Health effects of moderate drinkersheart benefits, lower death rates than teetotalers.
7-10% of drinkers get addicted. Signs: tolerance, withdrawal (tremors, nausea; 5% have DTs), heavy nicotine, caffeine use
Tolerance reversal
.4 B.A.C. may be comatose.
Blackouts: common at .3 BAC, case in Tom Sawyer
Real court cases
Narcotics
Opiatesfrom opium poppy narcotics, heroin now can be smoked or snorted.
High tolerance so need greater quantities for high.
Inhalantshousehold products, huffing, brain damage, coma
Misuse of pain medication increasing today
OxyContin
Stimulants
Cocaine-crack and powder, in urine 8 hrs., smoked for faster high. High lasts only 15-20 minutes.
Brain blocks reuptake of dopamine Addicted rats die heart attack.
Amphetamines and methsynthetic unlike cocainesuppresses appetite. Used by Nazis. 4-16 hour high.
Methland by Nick Reding about Oelwein, Iowa.
Powder can be snorted, injected. Stay awake for long durations
Anhedonia—inability to feel pleasure with drug-induced brain injury.
Nicotine
Can both stimulate and relax. 80-95% of alcoholics smoke, reduces alcohol effects. Over half of persons with schizophrenia smoke.
Nicotine decreases BAC levels.
American businessmans story from China.
Malachy McCourt smoked for ad and got hooked.
Box 3.1 To Die for a Cigarette
Case of chewing tobaccosnuff.
Hallucinogens
Plants, LSD, synthetic, flashbacks, PCP
Ecstasy and roofiesheightens sensory experience raves..
Cant get back to original high due to brain changes.
10% in high school have used Ecstasy.
Dance Safe harm reduction strategies.
Roofies: sleeping pill in Europe.
What Is Ecstasy?
Ecstasy is a drug that has some hallucinogenic properties and is structurally related to amphetamines. Its short form chemical name is MDMA (3,4- methylenedioxymetham-phetamine).
Split
Short Term Effects of Ecstasy
Feeling of confidence
Sense of arousal
Increased heart rate
Dry and sore mouth/throat
Tension, High Body Temperature
Muscle twitching
Depression & Confusion
Other Synthetic Substances Spice Bath saltsincrease in ER visits associated with this drug. Hard to detect.
Cannabis
Marijuana
THC, the psychoactive ingredient, lowers blood glucose, increases appetite, Stored in fat cells, long term use possibly associated with apathy.
Earlier reports of lung cancer after long-term use were not validated.
Costs to Get High Estimates Differ by Region
[not in text]
Crack: $5-10 quick fix only lasts 30 min.
Heroin: $100-200 day–$20 day can by maintenance dose inject a couple of times
Ecstasy: $25 may take 5 or so pills.
Meth: $25 long-lasting high, popular in gay party scene in Seattle, factory workers in Iowa
Marijuana: $25 or higher, depends on quality
Metabolism
Liver: organ that metabolizes alcohol, alcohol circulates in the bloodstream until metabolized.
Men have special enzymes that help.
People metabolize ½ oz. per hour = small glass of wine.
One Drink ¼ One bottle of beer (12 oz.)
¼ One glass of wine (6 oz.)
¼ One single drink (1¼ oz. of liquor)
Metabolism continued
Brain Regions and Their Functions
Ecstasy and the Brain
The Brain and Addiction
Neurotransmitters affect emotions and memory
Neurotransmitters Affect Emotions and Memory
Dopaminereuptake affected by cocaine, which blocks dopamine synapse
Depletion following cocaine use. Nicotine affects dopamine too.
Parkinsons when too little. Dopamine-boosting drugs for Parkinsons associated with mania and gambling behavior.
Excess of dopamine associated with schizophrenia.
Serotonin: influenced by alcohol, involved in sleep. Decreased levels linked to depression, anxiety, impulsiveness suicide.
Depletion Following Cocaine Use. The right scan is taken from someone who is on cocaine. The loss of red areas in the right scan compared to the left (normal) scan indicates that the brain is using less glucose and therefore is less active. This reduction in activity results in disruption of many brain functions.
Memory and Craving
Addict never gets original highbrain has changed. Addiction is a brain disease.
Cues can trigger memory picture of alcoholic beverages activates certain areas of the brain.
Prozac reduces craving by regulating serotonin levels.
Cocaine in the Brain
Slides are from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (www.nida.nih.gov)
Gambling and the Brain Persons with gambling disorders may have abnormal levels of dopamine and serotonin. Lack of control may result. Highs enhanced when rewards uncertain. Near misses especially thrilling.
The Role of Genes
Study of mental hospitals, prisons, 50% who used chemical substances had mental disorders.
CloningerSweden..259 male adoptees with alcoholic fathers
Type 1: late onset..75% of alcoholics, relates to harm avoidance, anxiety, guilt
Type 2: risk taker, (starts about age 11) male, hyperactive, antisocial, hereditary
Ondansetron: works on serotonin, little effect on type 1
Twins: 40-60% concurrence of alcoholism. Separated at birth monkeys drank more under stress, people with low dopamine like stimulants
People with ADHD risk for drug abuse.
Medical Consequences
Wernicke Korsakoff:
Cases reported of Dr. Oliver Sachs
Peripheral neuropathy related to lack of Vitamin B
Confabulation .Dr. SachsAwakenings
Medical Consequences continued Liver damage removes toxins from blood, bile circulates in blood stream Yellow skin tone, cirrhosis, immune system breakdown. Heart nicotine, cocaine Fetal alcohol syndrome. See photograph in text. Short nose, indistinct groove between nose and mouth, thin upper lip, small head and eyes, learning problems. Role of sperm should be considered as well as mothers role.
Interventions Related to Biology
Schick Shadel, Seattle treatment center
Conditioning or aversion therapyfavorite drink plus emetine to induce vomiting.
Use of truth serum on alternate days.
Changing Brain Chemistry
Brain Lock (Schwartz) cognitive treatment for OCD to rewire the brain
Ondansetrondecreases craving
Zyban and smoking; Chantix helps person produce more dopamine.
Nicotine gum; patch.
Naltrexone, approved 1995, not a narcotic unlike methadone.
Blocks receptors for getting high.
Synthetic Prescription Drugs
Methadone (synthetic form of heroin);
Methadone maintenance
Heroin maintenance in Britain, Switzerland, Vancouver.
Buprenorphine can be prescribed by GPs, reduces likelihood of overdose
Eating disorders and dopamine
Bulimicsrelated to depression
Anorexiaanxiety
Luvox, Prozac, and Paxil decrease binges.
Holistic Treatments
Herbal remedies
St. Johns wort
Hypnosis
Acupuncture from China
Massage therapy
Physical exercise to reduce tension
Chapter 4
Gender and Sexual Orientation Differences
Gender Issues
Recent trendsvoices of women and gays and lesbians are increasingly heard regarding treatment, research.
Some emphasis on gender-sensitive treatment.
Class and cultural differences in drug use.
Male/female ratios differ in drinking quantity ratios from 13:12 in Italy to 28:11 in Canada, 46:5 in Mexico, and 15:3 in Russia.
In American high schools, substance use rates about the same.
Adult men, twice the rate of women for marijuana and cocaine use and gambling, meth and tranquilizers about the same.
More eating disorders in women
Gender Differences
Shame factor for women in treatment.
Women in treatment more likely than men to have a substance-dependent partner.
Treatment less accessible for mothers than fathers due to child care responsibilities.
Many women lose custody of children over substance misuse.
Abstinence demands unrealistic.
Lack of treatment availability for pregnant women.
Good results with recovery coaches and family courts.
Gender Differences continued
Meth addiction rates high among women.
One study showed that 80% of female meth addicts were victims of domestic violence.
Violence—3 of 4 intimate partner murders are of women.
Women alcoholics —47% in treatment molested as children in study of 472 women (Downs). Treatment needs to focus on PTSD issues. Women smoke to control weight, males to relieve boredom. Escape gamblers (women). Women start gambling later in life than men do.
Biological Differences
Women get intoxicated quicker than men.
Women have a higher mortality rate with heavy drinking.
Lives are shortened by 15 years on average with alcoholismheart and liver damage.
Womens Treatment Needs
1. Address barriers to treatment that many women experience, such as lack of transportation, child care, and treatment availability. 2. Changing program goals and processes to accommodate womens needs for more support, less confrontation, job skill training, and parenting skills. 3. Embracing an empowerment model of change. 4. Female counselors who can attend to shame and stigma issues. 5. Need to celebrate any significant decrease in substance use.
Sexual Orientation
Heterosexism and homophobia: U.S. studies of schools shows suicide is 14 times the heterosexual rates.
Lesbianslowest rate of AIDS of any group, but double the drug use of other women, 55% smoke at some point in their lives; 28% are obese.
Reasons for high drinking rategay bar, fewer are mothers .G/L AA.
Gay maleshigh risk of sexual abuse in jail cells.
Religious fundamentalism correlated with suicide alcohol problems persist across life span.
Transgender .See Dos and Donts table 11.2
Resources: Pride Institute and PFLAG
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Part II BIOLOGY
Chapters 3 and 4
Part II BIOLOGY
Chapter 3
Substance Misuse, Dependence, and the Body
Recent Trends
Development of PET scans, fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
Craving research
New facts on brain damage
Depressants Alcohol
Figure 3.1alcohol involvement: 47% of homicides; 34% of drownings; 42% of fire injuries; 47% of young male car crashes; 50% date rape; 16% child abuse (doesnt count neglect); 23% of suicide.
International studies show high correlation
with partner violence.
College student deaths per year 1,825 (NIAAA, 2010)
Father MartinChalk Talks
Jocose drunk, amorose, bellicose, lachrymose drunks
Our additions: somnos drunk, (sleepy) clamorose, (loud), scientose (know it all)
Global Drinking Patterns
Europeans consume six times as much alcohol as southeast Asians
Moldova, the Czech Republic, drink around 18 liters per capita each year.
Eastern Europeanshard liquor
British and Irishbeer
French and Italianswine
High ratesindigenous populations Northern Sweden and Northern Canada
Alcohol continued
Health effects of moderate drinkersheart benefits, lower death rates than teetotalers.
7-10% of drinkers get addicted. Signs: tolerance, withdrawal (tremors, nausea; 5% have DTs), heavy nicotine, caffeine use
Tolerance reversal
.4 B.A.C. may be comatose.
Blackouts: common at .3 BAC, case in Tom Sawyer
Real court cases
Narcotics
Opiatesfrom opium poppy narcotics, heroin now can be smoked or snorted.
High tolerance so need greater quantities for high.
Inhalantshousehold products, huffing, brain damage, coma
Misuse of pain medication increasing today
OxyContin
Stimulants
Cocaine-crack and powder, in urine 8 hrs., smoked for faster high. High lasts only 15-20 minutes.
Brain blocks reuptake of dopamine Addicted rats die heart attack.
Amphetamines and methsynthetic unlike cocainesuppresses appetite. Used by Nazis. 4-16 hour high.
Methland by Nick Reding about Oelwein, Iowa.
Powder can be snorted, injected. Stay awake for long durations
Anhedonia—inability to feel pleasure with drug-induced brain injury.
Nicotine
Can both stimulate and relax. 80-95% of alcoholics smoke, reduces alcohol effects. Over half of persons with schizophrenia smoke.
Nicotine decreases BAC levels.
American businessmans story from China.
Malachy McCourt smoked for ad and got hooked.
Box 3.1 To Die for a Cigarette
Case of chewing tobaccosnuff.
Hallucinogens
Plants, LSD, synthetic, flashbacks, PCP
Ecstasy and roofiesheightens sensory experience raves..
Cant get back to original high due to brain changes.
10% in high school have used Ecstasy.
Dance Safe harm reduction strategies.
Roofies: sleeping pill in Europe.
What Is Ecstasy?
Ecstasy is a drug that has some hallucinogenic properties and is structurally related to amphetamines. Its short form chemical name is MDMA (3,4- methylenedioxymetham-phetamine).
Split
Short Term Effects of Ecstasy
Feeling of confidence
Sense of arousal
Increased heart rate
Dry and sore mouth/throat
Tension, High Body Temperature
Muscle twitching
Depression & Confusion
Other Synthetic Substances Spice Bath saltsincrease in ER visits associated with this drug. Hard to detect.
Cannabis
Marijuana
THC, the psychoactive ingredient, lowers blood glucose, increases appetite, Stored in fat cells, long term use possibly associated with apathy.
Earlier reports of lung cancer after long-term use were not validated.
Costs to Get High Estimates Differ by Region
[not in text]
Crack: $5-10 quick fix only lasts 30 min.
Heroin: $100-200 day–$20 day can by maintenance dose inject a couple of times
Ecstasy: $25 may take 5 or so pills.
Meth: $25 long-lasting high, popular in gay party scene in Seattle, factory workers in Iowa
Marijuana: $25 or higher, depends on quality
Metabolism
Liver: organ that metabolizes alcohol, alcohol circulates in the bloodstream until metabolized.
Men have special enzymes that help.
People metabolize ½ oz. per hour = small glass of wine.
One Drink ¼ One bottle of beer (12 oz.)
¼ One glass of wine (6 oz.)
¼ One single drink (1¼ oz. of liquor)
Metabolism continued
Brain Regions and Their Functions
Ecstasy and the Brain
The Brain and Addiction
Neurotransmitters affect emotions and memory
Neurotransmitters Affect Emotions and Memory
Dopaminereuptake affected by cocaine, which blocks dopamine synapse
Depletion following cocaine use. Nicotine affects dopamine too.
Parkinsons when too little. Dopamine-boosting drugs for Parkinsons associated with mania and gambling behavior.
Excess of dopamine associated with schizophrenia.
Serotonin: influenced by alcohol, involved in sleep. Decreased levels linked to depression, anxiety, impulsiveness suicide.
Depletion Following Cocaine Use. The right scan is taken from someone who is on cocaine. The loss of red areas in the right scan compared to the left (normal) scan indicates that the brain is using less glucose and therefore is less active. This reduction in activity results in disruption of many brain functions.
Memory and Craving
Addict never gets original highbrain has changed. Addiction is a brain disease.
Cues can trigger memory picture of alcoholic beverages activates certain areas of the brain.
Prozac reduces craving by regulating serotonin levels.
Cocaine in the Brain
Slides are from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (www.nida.nih.gov)
Gambling and the Brain Persons with gambling disorders may have abnormal levels of dopamine and serotonin. Lack of control may result. Highs enhanced when rewards uncertain. Near misses especially thrilling.
The Role of Genes
Study of mental hospitals, prisons, 50% who used chemical substances had mental disorders.
CloningerSweden..259 male adoptees with alcoholic fathers
Type 1: late onset..75% of alcoholics, relates to harm avoidance, anxiety, guilt
Type 2: risk taker, (starts about age 11) male, hyperactive, antisocial, hereditary
Ondansetron: works on serotonin, little effect on type 1
Twins: 40-60% concurrence of alcoholism. Separated at birth monkeys drank more under stress, people with low dopamine like stimulants
People with ADHD risk for drug abuse.
Medical Consequences
Wernicke Korsakoff:
Cases reported of Dr. Oliver Sachs
Peripheral neuropathy related to lack of Vitamin B
Confabulation .Dr. SachsAwakenings
Medical Consequences continued Liver damage removes toxins from blood, bile circulates in blood stream Yellow skin tone, cirrhosis, immune system breakdown. Heart nicotine, cocaine Fetal alcohol syndrome. See photograph in text. Short nose, indistinct groove between nose and mouth, thin upper lip, small head and eyes, learning problems. Role of sperm should be considered as well as mothers role.
Interventions Related to Biology
Schick Shadel, Seattle treatment center
Conditioning or aversion therapyfavorite drink plus emetine to induce vomiting.
Use of truth serum on alternate days.
Changing Brain Chemistry
Brain Lock (Schwartz) cognitive treatment for OCD to rewire the brain
Ondansetrondecreases craving
Zyban and smoking; Chantix helps person produce more dopamine.
Nicotine gum; patch.
Naltrexone, approved 1995, not a narcotic unlike methadone.
Blocks receptors for getting high.
Synthetic Prescription Drugs
Methadone (synthetic form of heroin);
Methadone maintenance
Heroin maintenance in Britain, Switzerland, Vancouver.
Buprenorphine can be prescribed by GPs, reduces likelihood of overdose
Eating disorders and dopamine
Bulimicsrelated to depression
Anorexiaanxiety
Luvox, Prozac, and Paxil decrease binges.
Holistic Treatments
Herbal remedies
St. Johns wort
Hypnosis
Acupuncture from China
Massage therapy
Physical exercise to reduce tension
Chapter 4
Gender and Sexual Orientation Differences
Gender Issues
Recent trendsvoices of women and gays and lesbians are increasingly heard regarding treatment, research.
Some emphasis on gender-sensitive treatment.
Class and cultural differences in drug use.
Male/female ratios differ in drinking quantity ratios from 13:12 in Italy to 28:11 in Canada, 46:5 in Mexico, and 15:3 in Russia.
In American high schools, substance use rates about the same.
Adult men, twice the rate of women for marijuana and cocaine use and gambling, meth and tranquilizers about the same.
More eating disorders in women
Gender Differences
Shame factor for women in treatment.
Women in treatment more likely than men to have a substance-dependent partner.
Treatment less accessible for mothers than fathers due to child care responsibilities.
Many women lose custody of children over substance misuse.
Abstinence demands unrealistic.
Lack of treatment availability for pregnant women.
Good results with recovery coaches and family courts.
Gender Differences continued
Meth addiction rates high among women.
One study showed that 80% of female meth addicts were victims of domestic violence.
Violence—3 of 4 intimate partner murders are of women.
Women alcoholics —47% in treatment molested as children in study of 472 women (Downs). Treatment needs to focus on PTSD issues. Women smoke to control weight, males to relieve boredom. Escape gamblers (women). Women start gambling later in life than men do.
Biological Differences
Women get intoxicated quicker than men.
Women have a higher mortality rate with heavy drinking.
Lives are shortened by 15 years on average with alcoholismheart and liver damage.
Womens Treatment Needs
1. Address barriers to treatment that many women experience, such as lack of transportation, child care, and treatment availability. 2. Changing program goals and processes to accommodate womens needs for more support, less confrontation, job skill training, and parenting skills. 3. Embracing an empowerment model of change. 4. Female counselors who can attend to shame and stigma issues. 5. Need to celebrate any significant decrease in substance use.
Sexual Orientation
Heterosexism and homophobia: U.S. studies of schools shows suicide is 14 times the heterosexual rates.
Lesbianslowest rate of AIDS of any group, but double the drug use of other women, 55% smoke at some point in their lives; 28% are obese.
Reasons for high drinking rategay bar, fewer are mothers .G/L AA.
Gay maleshigh risk of sexual abuse in jail cells.
Religious fundamentalism correlated with suicide alcohol problems persist across life span.
Transgender .See Dos and Donts table 11.2
Resources: Pride Institute and PFLAG
Applied Sciences
Architecture and Design
Biology
Business & Finance
Chemistry
Computer Science
Geography
Geology
Education
Engineering
English
Environmental science
Spanish
Government
History
Human Resource Management
Information Systems
Law
Literature
Mathematics
Nursing
Physics
Political Science
Psychology
Reading
Science
Social Science
Liberty University
New Hampshire University
Strayer University
University Of Phoenix
Walden University
Home
Homework Answers
Blog
Archive
Tags
Reviews
Contact
twitterfacebook
Copyright © 2022 SweetStudy.com
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