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iii

Preface

This report documents research and analysis conducted as part of a project entitled “Implementation of Autonomous Vehicles in the CS & CSS Force Structure,” sponsored by the Program Executive Office Combat Support and Combat Service Support. The purpose of the project was to identify and assess the force implications and risks posed by the anticipated near- to mid-term opportunities for automating Army convoy trucks. A minimally manned bridging option leading to the use of automated Army trucks is developed in this report to address the current technical and tactical risks of concepts requiring the use of unmanned, automated trucks in Army convoys. This report may be of interest to individuals and organizations planning for or currently pur- suing autonomous vehicle technology.

R AND operates under a “Federal-Wide Assurance” (FWA00003425) and complies with the Code of Federal Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects Under United States Law (45 CFR 46), also known as “the Common Rule,” as well as with the implementa- tion guidance set forth in DoD Instruction 3216.02. As applicable, this compliance includes reviews and approvals by R AND’s Institutional Review Board (the Human Subjects Protection Committee) and by the U.S. Army. The views of sources utilized in this study are solely their own and do not represent the official policy or position of DoD or the U.S. government.

This research was conducted within R AND Arroyo Center’s Forces and Logistics Program. R AND Arroyo Center, part of the

iv Automating Army Convoys: Technical and Tactical Risks and Opportunities

R AND Corporation, is a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the United States Army.

R AND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.

v