Learning outcome 1: Understand the purpose of professional supervision in health and social care or children and young people’s work settingsDiscuss at length the principles, scope and purpose of professional supervisionThe purpose of supervision is to guide and support employees to work in accordance with their employer’s policies and procedures, while giving the employee the opportunity to learn and develop new skills. As a manager, it will be my responsibility to supervise all of my employees, a minimum of six times a year, in accordance with Standard 36 of the National Minimum Standards for Care Homes for Older People and Adults,which is the same asguidelines given by the Care Council for Wales.Formal supervision has been in use for well over 100 years now and has developed over time, to reflect on the changing roles and needs of the practice.In the late 19th century, American social workers used supervision as a way of discussing and reflecting on cases they had dealt with and by the 1920’s it had been introduced, some say for the first time, by Max Eitington, a doctor and psychoanalyst of Russian/German descent, as a compulsory part of psychoanalytic training. Over time more and more caring professions began to use supervision as a way of supporting their employees.Moving on from the 1950’s and what was quite rigid forms of supervision, based on counselling and psychotherapy, the 1970’s saw the process evolve so that it centred around the job role and not the person carrying out that role. This caused a divide in the practice and employees needing support on a personal and emotional level sought counselling and other forms of therapy, whereas support and guidance concerning a person’s job role was given through formal supervision (Michael Carroll, 2001).Britain caught on with the process in the late 1970’s and early 80’s with the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy making supervision compulsory for its workforce, a requirement still in force today (bacp, 2017).The most detailed definition of supervision I have come across again comes from Carroll (2007) and is described as such:At its simplest, supervision is a forum where supervisees review and reflect on their work in order to do it better. Practitioners bring their actual work-practice to another person (individual supervision), or to a group (small group or team supervision), and with their help review what happened in their practice in order to learn from that experience. Ultimately, supervision is for better quality service. In a relationship of trust and transparency, supervisees talk about their work and through reflection and thoughtfulness learn from it and return to do it differently. Supervision is based on the assumption that reflecting on work provides the basis for learning from that work and doing it more creatively. The Care Council for Wales define supervision as:Supervision is a regular one to one meeting between the supervisor (manager) and supervisee in order to meet organisational, professional and personal objectives. Supervision forms a key part of individual performance management. For newly appointed workers, it underpins the Social Care Induction Framework. It is the foundation on which appraisal is built.As quoted in the Care Council for Wales’s guidebook ‘Supervising and Appraising Well’, supervision is:A process by which one worker is given responsibility by the organisation to work with another worker(s) in order to meet certain organisational, professional and personal objectives (Tony Morrison, 2005).Principles of supervision:Ensure the employee is clear about their job role and responsibilitiesEnsure company policies and procedures are followedHelp the employee to develop their skills through training and mentoringEnsure the employee is happy within their role and feels supportedGive opportunities for the employee to progress within the company and manage their own personal developmentEmployees should be given praise for good work and constructive criticism when work falls below the required standardThis is comparable with the list of aims of supervision given by The Care Council for Wales:To ensure staff know what is expected of themTo ensure staff contribute to the outcomes of the organisation by carrying out their duties effectively and efficientlyTo ensure good practice and to challenge and manage poor practiceTo ensure that ‘health and well-being at work’ issues are addressedTo assist in the continuous professional development (CPD) of staffTo ensure that staff promote equality and value diversity and practice in accordance with the Code of Practice for Health and Social Care WorkersEmployees should be given adequate notice that you intend to meet with them for supervision and set a mutually convenient date and time. The employee should be advised to make notes regarding what they would like to discuss in the supervision and it should be made clear that supervisions are a two-way conversation between employee and employer and as such are a useful tool towards ongoing personal development.In my own experience, I have had colleagues who didn’t understand the purpose of supervision and didn’t utilise it to its full potential and dreaded their session, as they saw it as just an opportunity for the manager to reprimand them if they had done something wrong.I have always tried to convey to employees, I have supervised, that it’s important for them to take ownership of their supervision and view it as an opportunity to have a frank and open discussion with their manager, which will enhance their working relationship and develop their abilities and responsibilities.Describe theories of professional supervisionAs a process for learning, three models are apparent.These are:Developmental modelsIntegrative modelsOrientation specific modelsDevelopmental modelsThe developmental model can be linked with the concept of lifelong learning, as it sees individuals as continually growing and developing. This is fundamental to the idea of person centred development.Once the supervision session is over and a plan agreed on how the supervisee is going to move forward in their role, the process is an ongoing one.Within a person centred development session, reflecting on previous experiences can be used to shape the future actions of the supervisee.The three stages of the developmental model:Beginning or novice stage: Limited skills, lacking in confidence and a high dependenceon the supervisor for support and guidance.Intermediate stage: Skills and confidence increasing, moving towards autonomy, startsto question more.Expert or advanced stage: Completely autonomous, can demonstrate good problemsolving skills, reflects on practice and is accountable for their own way of working.It’s of vital importance that the supervisor is always fully aware of what stage the supervisee is at, in order to give the appropriate and suitable amount of support, a process known as scaffolding (Kendra L Smith, 2009).Stage 3: Advance or ExpertKnowledge & SkillsStage 2: IntermediateStage 1: Beginning or Novice          TimeAwareness, motivation and autonomy are the key processes in the above stages;The beginner has to have an awareness of what is expected of them in order to develop the necessary skills to carry out their job role.There has to be motivation for the learner to continue to develop themselves, during stage 2, as their confidence and knowledge increases.The expert becomes autonomous in their work and is responsible for their own decisions and working practices (Kendra L Smith, 2009).Conclusion: A developmental approach to supervision is intuitively appealing, for most of usbelieve that we will get better with time and the right training (Bernard and Goodyear 1998).Integrative modelsAs the word suggests, integrative models of supervision bring together and incorporate many different methods, theories and models of supervision, in order to tailor make the approach for each individual supervisee and the stage they are at in their practice.Bernard’s Discrimination Model: One of the most commonly used and researched integrativemodels of supervision, originally published by Janine Bernard in 1979. This model comprises of three different purposes of supervision:Intervention: where the supervisees intervention skills are analysed.Conceptualisation: looks at the understanding and awareness of the supervisee, withregard to the content of the session itself.Personalization: addresses the possibility of the supervisee experiencing counter-transference and how they cope with their own personal issues.These are used in conjunction with three possible supervisor roles:Teacher: used when the supervisor is giving instruction and guiding the supervisee.Counsellor: useful when the supervisee is emotionally affected by issues of someone intheir care and they are unable to be objective, as a result.Consultant: will take place when the supervisee is working alongside the supervisorand the person in their care, to give joint therapy.The supervisor has the scope to respond in one of nine ways based on the 3 purposes of supervision and the 3 supervisor roles.For example, the supervisor may take on the role of teacher while concentrating on a particular intervention used by the supervisee and teaching ways of improving their skills.The role of counsellor can be used when discussing issues, the supervisee may be having, while dealing with a person in their care, where there are issues with counter-transference.As the response is always specific to the supervisee’s individual needs, it can change with every session. Caution is advised to supervisors not to respond using the same purpose or role out of personal preference, comfort, or habit, but instead to ensure the purpose and role used meet the most significant needs of the supervisee at the time (scie, 2017).Integrated Development Model: Developed by Stoltenberg (1981) and Stoltenberg andDelworth (1987)The IDM describes three levels of counsellor development:Level 1: supervisees are generally entry-level students who are high in motivation, yethigh in anxiety and fearful of evaluation.Level 2: supervisees are at mid-level and experience fluctuating confidence andmotivation, often linking their own mood to success with people in their care.Level 3: supervisees are essentially secure, stable in motivation; have appropriate levelsof empathy tempered by objectivity and use therapeutic self in intervention.As noted earlier, the IDM stresses the need for the supervisor to utilise skills and approaches that correspond to the level of the supervisee. So, for example, when working with a level 1 supervisee, the supervisor needs to balance the supervisee’s high anxiety and dependence by being supportive. The same supervisor when supervising a level 3 supervisee would emphasise autonomy. If a supervisor was to consistently mismatch his or her responses to the developmental level of the supervisee, it would likely result in significant difficulty for the supervisee to satisfactorily master the current developmental stage.For example, a supervisor who demands autonomous behaviour from a level 1 supervisee is likely to intensify the supervisee’s anxiety.Systems Approach: In the systems approach to supervision, the heart of supervision is therelationship between supervisor and supervisee, which is mutually involving and aimed at bestowing power to both members (Holloway, 1995).Holloway describes seven dimensions of supervision, all connected by the central supervisory relationship. These dimensions are: the functions of supervision, the tasks of supervision, the person in care, the supervisee, the supervisor, and the setting.The function and tasks of supervision are at the forefront of interaction, while the latter four dimensions represent unique contextual factors that are, according to Holloway, covert influences in the supervisory process. Supervision in any particular instance is seen to be reflective of a unique combination of these seven dimensions.Orientation Specific modelsThe orientation specific model centres on a firm belief that the supervisor and supervisee should share the same theoretical model of therapy and subsequently, base their supervision on the therapy that is used on their clients, in order to get the most from their working relationship.It makes perfect sense that the supervisee should have a good understanding of that therapy, for effective supervision to occur. As the roots of the supervision method stem from a particular type of therapy, orientation specific methods of supervision frequently utilise the language, techniques and focus of that particular therapy (Smith, 1996 – 2011).Methods of therapy used;Psychoanalytic SupervisionOpening stage: supervisor and supervisee get to know each other and assess each other’s strengths and weaknesses.Middle stage: categorised by conflict, defensiveness, avoiding and attacking.Resolution stage is the working stage of supervision. The supervisor is mostly silent and encourages the supervisee towards independence and autonomy.Behavioural SupervisionUtilises cognitive behavioural strategies. The problem is identified and the appropriate technique to resolve the problem is selected. Supervisor models the technique and selectively reinforces the supervisee, utilising behavioural rehearsal with the supervisee.Rogerian SupervisionThe supervisor models the three primary Rogerian interventions:EmpathyGenuinenessUnconditional Positive Regard.Systemic SupervisionThe supervision should closely follow the theory. For structural supervision, clear boundaries between supervisor and therapist must be maintained. For strategic supervisors, the supervisor manipulates the supervisee’s behaviour and once it is altered, the supervisor discusses it, with the goal of the supervisee gaining insight.Explain the legislation related to professional supervision and how this has an impact on organisation policy and procedureThe residential home I am work at is in Wrexham, North Wales, and as such falls under the jurisdiction of the Care and Social Services Inspectorate in Wales.(CSSIW)Their National Minimum Standards for Care Homes and Domiciliary Care Agencies policy states that the National Minimum Standards for staff supervision are as follows:Staff have regular, recorded supervision meetings at least once every two months (3 months for domiciliary care) with their senior/manager in addition to regular contact on day to day practice (fortnightly supervision where there is no regular contact; pro rata for part time staff), covering:Translation of the home’s philosophy and aims into work with individualsMonitoring of work with individual service usersSupport and professional guidanceIdentification of training and developmental needs.Line managers must ensure that supervision takes place in line with these standards for all staff for whom they have responsibility. It is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that sessions are planned and prepared and that there is an auditable record of these sessions.National Minimum Standards for Care Homes for Older PeopleSTANDARD 36Staff Supervision:36.1 The registered person ensures that the employment policies and procedures adopted by the home and its induction, training and supervision arrangements are put into practice.36.2 Care staff receive formal supervision at least 6 times a year.Supervision covers:All aspects of practice;Philosophy of care in the home;Career development needs.36.4 All other staff are supervised as part of the normal management process on a continuous basis.36.5 Volunteers receive training, supervision and support appropriate to their role and do not replace paid staff.These are the minimum requirements and as a manager, you will need to supervise staff on other occasions, as and when are necessary, either to deal with a crisis, or to respond to a member of staff who feels they cannot wait until their next scheduled supervision session (Welsh Assembly Government, 2004).As the manager you are responsible for the effectiveness of the team and for the quality of their work. It’s important that as a manager to remember that supervision isn’t just about these areas but through supervision you will improve communication between you and your staff team, which in turn can motivate them to work more productively and effectively and help with staff retention.The Care Council for Wales Code of Practice for Employers of Social Care Workers states:Section 2: As a social care employer, you must have written policies and procedures in place toenable social care workers to meet the Care Council’s Code of Practice for Social Care Workers. This includes:Section 2.2: Effectively managing and supervising staff to support effective practice and goodconduct and supporting staff to address deficiencies in their performance.Effective supervision in a variety of settings Guide 50 (SCIE 2013)Recommendations: Supervisors’ expertise and trainingSupervisors need to continually update their expert clinical and practice knowledge and their clinical intervention skills for the specific populations of people with whom their supervisees are working.Further to guide 50 as above, SCIE Guide 1: Managing Practice gives advice and guidance on Supervision and Team Leadership.To view the guide visit:www.scie.org.uk/publications/guides/guide01/files/guide01.pdf1.4 How can changes in legislation, findings from research and critical reviews, be used within professional supervisions As new legislation, laws and policies are implemented, within the ever changing world of health and social care, it’s essential that as a manager, you keep up with these changes and ensure you cascade these changes down to your staff.We are legally bound to provide safe and practical care to all of our residents, based on legislation from CSSIW, Care Council for Wales, Contract Monitoring and the company’s policies and procedures which are based on government guidelines and requirements. It’s vital that as managers we ensure all our care staff are working in the same way and providing safe and adequate care to our residents.There are a number of ways we can pass the required standards and ways of working to staff; staff meetings, training, practical demonstrations, observation, supervision.Whatever the method we use it is vital that all staff work in the same safe, responsible way, as the manager is ultimately the one that will be held responsible and accountable should there be an omission or an error in the way care is delivered at their home.Enquiries are always held when there is a tragic and inexcusable failing in the care given to a child or adult and over the last few years there have been several high profile cases that have been brought to light:2000 saw the death of 8-year-old Victoria Climbie; the government passed the green paper “Every Child Matters,” which paved the way for the Children’s Act 2004 in order to afford better protection for children. Lord Laming, the minister responsible for the inquiry into Victoria’s death found problems and concerns in the quality of training with staff from Haringey Council and Social Services, who had been involved in the supervision of Victoria once concerns had been raised. There was also inadequate supervision and training of staff and poor communication between staff.In 2002 the tragic murders of Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman saw recruitment systems made more rigorous and potential employees had to undergo checks via the Vetting and Barring Scheme, to ensure they didn’t have any previous convictions that would make them unsuitable to work with children or vulnerable adults, after it was discovered that Ian Huntley, who murdered the girls had already been investigated several times for alleged attacks on under aged girls. However, due to the fact he was never charged, the police constabulary in question destroyed all records, so that when the school he had applied to work at, carried out a check, nothing was highlighted. Therefore, they employed him as a caretaker and within weeks Holly and Jessica had been killed by Huntley.2007 saw yet another mindless murder of a young child. This time, Peter Connelly, also known as ‘Baby P’, was killed at the age of 17 months. He was also being supervised by the same council that was overseeing Victoria Climbie’s case, which made it all the more tragic, as it seems they hadn’t learned from the mistakes that led to her tragic demise seven years earlier.The Health Department made some recommendations following the inquiry on the death of Victoria Climbie and stated that “skilled and competent frontline staff, adequate managerial support and professional supervision are crucial elements in child protection” (Department of Health, 2003).How can professional supervision be used to protect?IndividualSupervisorSuperviseeAt first it would seem that supervision is only for the benefit and protection of the supervisor and supervisee, or the manager and staff member. However, it stands to reason that the individual, or in my setting, the resident is the one who is protected by the process.Without supervision staff would muddle along and do their job how they think it should be done and without professional input and guidance every staff member will have a different opinion on how to do their job, which would lead to variations in working practice and potential drops in standards, which will ultimately affect the resident the most, as they are the ones at the receiving end of the care.Protections afforded by professional supervision:Staff are made aware of required ways of working, in order to comply with policies and procedures. This ensures safe working practices.Staff are given the opportunity to receive constructive feedback and guidance from their manager, on how they are carrying out their role.Staff have the chance to raise any concerns they have on colleagues work performance and safety and well-being of the residents.Manager has the opportunity to inform staff of any new policies and procedures that are to implemented at work and ensure they are aware of how this will affect their way of working.Managers are safe in the knowledge that they have informed staff of safe ways of working and created a system of accountability.Managers have the chance to discuss any concerns they have with staff and how they conduct themselves while working.Managers have the opportunity to offer praise to staff for a job well done.Residents are safe in the knowledge that staff are receiving regular updates on their working practice.Staff have always reported to me that when they receive regular quality supervision, they feel respected and valued, as they are given the opportunity to discuss any concerns or queries and that their manager is taking the time to give guidance and support to staff, on their job role.Learning Outcome 2: Understand how the principles of professional supervision can be used to inform performance management in health and social care or children and young people’s work settings2.1 Explain the performance management cycleThe performance management cycle is a very useful four stage tool in the setting of tasks and review of staff performance, based on tasks given (The Happy Manager, 2017).Stage One: PlanThe first stage of the cycle is to meet with the employee; this could be at the induction stage, at the beginning of their employment, during a supervision or appraisal, or to implement a new way of working.It is the responsibility of the manager to make clear the purpose of the meeting, whether it is to set new goals or evaluate performance. The manager and employee must them discuss what is expected of the employee over a clearly defined period of time.I like to use the acronym SMART in instances like this.Specific: Who? What? Where? When? Which? Why?Setting the above specifics will tell everyone involved who is doing what, where they will do it, how much time they have to do it in, any requirements or limits they have to take into account and probably the most important aspect of all why they are doing it. Everyone likes and needs to know why they have to do something; it is a great motivator knowing why a task has to be done, especially if there is a timescale involved.Measurable: To make sure the task at hand is measurable you need to be able to quantify goals,such as how many or how much so staff are fully aware of the task they are undertaking.Achievable: The manager and the employee need to agree that the task is both necessary andachievable or the employee will struggle to find the motivation to complete the task. The manager should also assist the employee in compiling an action plan to help complete the task.Realistic: The manager has to ensure that the employee(s) chosen to complete the task arecapable of doing so. If they have no previous experience of such a task they will need guidance and support or there is a good chance they will feel out of their depth and either fail to complete the task or complete it to a poor standard.Timely: Everyone performs better when working to a target. A small amount of stress can be agood motivator to complete a task and if there is no set time scale to finish a job, it can lose its urgency and is difficult to work to an action plan.Stage Two: DevelopIn order to assist the employee(s) to develop in their role, or undertake a new task, you must be able to see their strengths and weaknesses and identify any training needs they have and give them the opportunity to meet these needs by providing them with the necessary skills and training. Continuing personal development is a very important aspect of anyone’s job role and the manager must be seen to be supporting this.Stage Three: PerformIt is not enough to set an employee on their way with a task and let them get on with it until completion. It is encouraging for anyone to have their manager take the time to get a progress report and see how the task is coming along. There could be unforeseen obstacles or a lack of resources that are hampering the task at hand and it is productive for the employee to be able to report this to their manager so they can work together to overcome these issues. It is unfair to expect the employee to do this alone and this could be where they lose their motivation, job satisfaction will decrease and the task will suffer as a result.Stage Four: ReviewOnce the set period of time has elapsed and the task has been completed it is important that there is a thorough review between the manager and all employees involved.The need for a review is not just to check that the task has been completed to a high standard but also to be better prepared when at the beginning of the cycle again and the planning stage comes around again. We learn from mistakes and any obstacles that we came across the first time can be pre-empted and eliminated at the planning stage the next time to make for a more efficient process.2.2 Analyse how professional supervision supports performance and can be used to challenge poor practiceAs mentioned earlier too many employees see supervision as a disheartening occurrence they either dread being involved in or can’t see the point of. Thankfully, due to several of the regulatory bodies in care insisting on the need for regular professional supervision, many are now seeing supervision for what it is; the opportunity for a two-way discussion with your line manager to discuss your job role, performance and finding ways to make your job role more enjoyable and productive.Effective performance management and supervision can promote good quality service delivery and result in a more highly motivated staff (scie, 2017)Speaking personally, I prefer to have regular supervision as it gives me the chance to meet with my line manager and discuss my performance and I can identify areas where there is room for improvement and I get to find out what my strengths are. I don’t see supervision as a negative; I see it as a chance to further develop my personal portfolio of skills and training, working on areas that need it and using my strengths to fulfil my job role to the best of my ability, working to the company’s high standards.I encourage my staff to see supervision in the same light as myself and several of my employees are now embracing their supervisions and coming prepared to discuss certain aspects of their job role. As a result, staff sickness has reduced by more than 80% in the last 3 months and the residents and employees of the home have all reported a lift in the atmosphere of the home. Even some visitors have said there is a nicer atmosphere in the home and one of our training consultants has commented on how the employees seem more receptive when carrying out training with them.2.3 Describe the use of performance indicators as a measure of performance and how you use performance indicatorWhen I took over as trainee manager at springwood I noticed that the staff training matrix was badly in need of updating and many of the staff were seriously overdue training. I ensured all mandatory training was given to who needed it and also implemented training courses for other aspects of the job, such as dementia, skin integrity and medicine management.Staff tend to feel more confident to carry out their job role when they have had the required training and in the company training policy it states that all staff will be given the necessary training to carry out their role effectively.As the manager of the home it is vital that I communicate to all staff what is expected of them in their role, which is why I ensured everyone was given an up to date copy of their job description and this was discussed with them in the first supervision we had together after undertaking the role as manager.I also explained the usefulness of the SMART acronym to staff, that is detailed in section 2.1, some of the employees who had worked in care previously were familiar with the tool but others found it helpful and said they would probably use it next time they were given a specific task to complete. I encouraged them to incorporate it into their job role and said it would be effective when staff appraisals came around next April.Learning Outcome 3: Be able to undertake the preparation for professional supervision with supervisees in health and social care or children and young people’s work settings3.1 Explain factors that may result in a power imbalance in professional supervisionIt is too common to have a power imbalance between employee and employer as, straight away, the employer is seen as superior due to their experience in the job and their qualifications.If the supervisor is the person who employed the supervisee they will also feel pressure, as the person who gave them the opportunity of the job is giving them their supervision and the employee will want the supervision to go well, to prove to the employer that they made the right decision in giving them the job. The expectation to live up to will also put a great amount of pressure on the employee, in their quest to be a good employee.As the employer you are responsible for upholding standards at work and your employees are working to guidelines that you have set, which again puts you at an advantage over your staff as they are having to work to your way of doing things. They have to trust in your knowledge and they will think twice about questioning you, whether they wish to or not as you are the manager.3.2 Explain how to address power imbalance in own supervision practiceAs a new manager I wanted to get to know my staff, so I could identify their strengths and decide how to utilise these strengths and address any training needs, as I quickly discovered that the previous manager had been extremely lax and hadn’t kept up with training. I contacted the training company we use and arranged a six-week intensive training programme to catch up with the all the mandatory training that was out of date.I put up a notice giving the dates of all the upcoming courses and the names of the staff that had to attend and very quickly I was inundated with complaints from staff about having to give up some of their days off to come in for training.As I explained to them; as the manager, it is my responsibility to ensure al