5. Comparative analysis of different approaches to sentencing and punishment, including restorative justice models, mandatory minimum sentences, and rehabilitation-focused alternatives: This research would examine the philosophical underpinnings, practical implementation, and empirical outcomes of diverse sentencing paradigms, considering factors such as deterrence, rehabilitation, retribution, and social justice. By comparing international practices, historical trends, and contemporary reforms, this research can contribute to evidence-based policy-making and public discourse on the purposes and principles of criminal punishment in modern