Describe a situation in which someone ascribed an identity to you that didn’t match your avowed identity. Why do you think the person ascribed the identity to you? Were there any stereotypes involved? What was your reaction? (NOTE: avowed/ascribed identity doesn’t have to simply focus on race/ethnicity/nationality, but can include any other parts of your cultural identity such as gender, sexuality, and class, etc.) (at least 125 words) Read one of the following articles. Briefly summarize the article then identify and explain at least two reasons why it is a segregated, contested, or hybrid cultural space. What is your position on the issue? (at least 125 words) Option A: “Want to tear down insidious monuments to racism and segregation? Bulldoze L.A. freeways”Actions Option B: “Native tribal leaders are calling for the removal of Mount Rushmore” CU LT U R A L S PA CE S PLACING CULTURE & CULTURAL SPACE • Culture, by definition, is rooted in place with a reciprocal relationship between people and place • Culture: • ‘Place tilled’ in Middle English • Colere : ‘to inhabit, care for, till, worship’ in Latin • In the context of globalization, what is the relationship between culture and place? • Culture is both placed and displaced CULTURAL SPACES • Cultural space shapes verbal and nonverbal communicative practices • Ex. Classrooms, church, bar, library • Communicative practices in these spaces reveal meanings in/about the space • Communicative practices include: • The languages, accents, slang, dress, artifacts, architectural design, the behaviors and patterns of interaction, the stories, the discourses and histories • Globalization changes the way we understand cultural spaces PLACE, CULTURAL SPACE, IDENTITY • Stereotypes, assumptions, and judgments are associated with cities, towns, and neighborhoods. • People use cultural space to create avowed and ascribed identities. — Avowed identity: The way we see, label, and make meaning about ourselves. — Ascribed identity: The way others may view, name, and describe us and our group. Examples of how avowed and ascribed identities may conflict? — Michelle’s mother is African American and her father is White. She identifies as biracial. However, people in the United States identify her as Black. The designation of Black as her identity is an ascribed identity. — Miles, who is half Mexican American and half White American, has very light brown skin. He was raised in a predominantly Mexican neighborhood, and he identifies himself as Mexican American. However, his friends regard him as ‘White’ because of his fair skin. His ‘Mexican American’ identity is avowed identity. If ascribed and avowed identities don’t match up, it can cause friction. CASE STUDY: HIP HOP CULTURE • Back in the Day: South Bronx — Black and Puerto Rican youth created forms of cultural expression to reclaim their belonging to place, such as the streets, neighborhoods, and cities • Introduction to hip hop culture • Going Commercial: — Attracted a wide range of audience, including the White youth. — Commercialization and commodification — Gained both criticism and praise for its controversial lyrics and messages. • Going Global: — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i23NEQEFpgQ — Appropriation: ‘Borrowing,’ ‘mishandling,’ and/or ‘stealing’ across the world CULTURAL SPACE, POWER, & COMMUNICATION • Throughout history and today, space has been used to establish, exert and maintain power and control • Power is signified, constructed and regulated through size, shape, access, containment and segregation of space • Examples in the following slides HOSTILE ARCHITECTURE • https://laist.com/2017/10/26/h ostile_architecture.php MOUNT RUSHMORE • https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/a mericanexperience/features/ rushmore-sioux/ SEGREGATED CULTURAL SPACE • Cultural spaces that are segregated based on socio-economic, racial, ethnic, sexual, political and/or religious differences. • Examples: — The reservation system imposed on Native Americans. — The Jim Crow laws (1865-1960s) that segregated Blacks. — The isolation of Japanese Americans during WWII. — Schools today are re-segregated to the same level as in 1970s — In Hurricane Katrina, low-income, working class neighborhoods were hit the hardest — Gated communities CONTESTED CULTURAL SPACE — Cultural space where people with unequal control and access to resources engage in oppositional and confrontational strategies of resistance and/or contestation • Examples: — Chinese immigrants who came to the U.S. to work from the 1850s onward were forced to live in isolated ethnic enclaves known as Chinatowns in large cities such as San Francisco and New York — Occupy Wall Street; Occupy Oakland; Occupy Boston, etc. CONTESTED CULTURAL SPACE — Boyle Heights — art galleries (PSSST) vs anti-gentrification activists — In a joint statement about PSSST’s closure, Boyle Heights Alliance Against Artwashing and Displacement and Defend Boyle Heights say the neighborhoods needs basic community amenities, like a laundromat and an affordable grocery store, not art galleries. ‘Why was there funding for a 501(c)3 to run a gallery to attract new people to Boyle Heights, but not for services for the existing community?’ they ask. HYBRID CULTURAL SPACE — The intersection of intercultural communication practices that construct meanings in, through and about particular places within a context of relations of power. — Challenges definitions of culture, cultural space, and identity — Can be sites of resistance • Examples: — McDonald’s in any country — Wal-Mart, Starbucks and other American companies are mixed into local cultural spaces around the world HYBRID CULTURAL SPACE AS SITE OF INTERCULTURAL NEGOTIATION • Hybrid cultural spaces as innovative and creative spaces where people constantly adapt to, negotiate with and improvise between multiple cultural frameworks. • Example: — Cultural space of ‘home’ experienced by Asian Indian immigrants in the U.S. — Immigrants create hybrid cultural space to creatively maintain their relationship to their culture and tradition. HYBRID CULTURAL SPACE AS SITE OF RESISTANCE • Hybrid cultural spaces where people challenge stable, territorial, and static definitions of culture, cultural spaces and cultural identities. • Example: — Asian Indian immigrants create hybrid cultural space as a form of resistance to the dominant American culture. — Hybrid cultural space allows them to avoid total assimilation and a loss of their own culture. HYBRID CULTURAL SPACES AS SITES OF TRANSFORMATION • Hegemonic structures are negotiated and reconfigured through hybridization of culture, cultural space, and identity. • Example: — Chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldua uses the notion of ‘borderlands’ to transform the experience of cultural marginalization into a space of oppositional and liberatory identity. 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