Sociology A Down-to-Earth Approach
Thirteenth Edition
James M. Henslin Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Henslin, James M., author. Title: Sociology : a down-to-earth approach / James M. Henslin, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville. Description: Thirteenth edition. | Boston : Pearson Education, [2017] Identifiers: LCCN 2015043067 | ISBN 9780134205571 Subjects: LCSH: Sociology. Classification: LCC HM586. H45 2017 | DDC 301dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015043067
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Student Edition: ISBN-10: 0-13-420557-X ISBN-13: 978-0-13-420557-1
Books A La Carte ISBN 10: 0-13-420559-6 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-420559-5
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To my fellow sociologists, who do such creative research on social life and who communicate the sociological imagination to generations of students. With my sincere admiration and appreciation,
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1 The Sociological Perspective 1
2 Culture 34
3 Socialization 63
4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 96
5 How Sociologists Do Research 127
6 Societies to Social Networks 148
7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations 174
8 Deviance and Social Control 196
9 Global Stratification 228
10 Social Class in the United States 261
11 Sex and Gender 294
12 Race and Ethnicity 326
13 The Elderly 365
14 The Economy 394
15 Politics 427
16 Marriage and Family 459
17 Education 493
18 Religion 520
19 Medicine and Health 555
20 Population and Urbanization 587
21 Collective Behavior and Social Movements 622
22 Social Change and the Environment 648
Brief Contents
iv
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To the Student . . . from the Author xix To the Instructor . . . from the Author xx About the Author xxxi
1 The Sociological Perspective 1 The Sociological Perspective 3
Seeing the Broader Social Context 3 The Global Contextand the Local 4
Sociology and the Other Sciences 5 The Natural Sciences 5 The Social Sciences 5
Anthropology? 6? ? Economics? 6? ? politicAl? sciEncE? 6? ? psychology?? 6? ? sociology? 6
The Goals of Science 7 The Risks of Being a Sociologist 8
Origins of Sociology 8 Tradition versus Science 8 Auguste Comte and Positivism 9 Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 9 Karl Marx and Class Conflict 10 Emile Durkheim and Social Integration 11
Applying?DurkhEim? 12
Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 13 rEligion?AnD?thE?origin?of?cApitAlism? 13
Values in Sociological Research 13
Verstehen and Social Facts 14 Weber and Verstehen 14 Durkheim and Social Facts 15 How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together 15
Sociology in North America 16 Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology 16 Racism at the Time: W. E. B. Du Bois 18 Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer 20
Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory versus Reform 20
The Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, and Public Sociology 21 BAsic?sociology? 21 ? AppliED?sociology? 21? ? puBlic? sociology? 21? ? sociAl?rEform?is?risky? 22
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology 23 Symbolic Interactionism 24
symBols?in?EvEryDAy?lifE? 24? ? Applying?symBolic? intErActionism? 24? ?
Functional Analysis 26 roBErt?mErton?AnD?functionAlism? 26? ? Applying? functionAl?AnAlysis? 26
Conflict Theory 28 kArl?mArx?AnD?conflict?thEory? 28? ? conflict?thEory? toDAy? 28? ? fEminists?AnD?conflict?thEory? 28? ? Applying?conflict?thEory? 29
Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together 29 Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro 29
Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology 30 Sociologys Tension: Research versus Reform 30
thrEE?stAgEs?in?sociology? 30? ? DivErsity?of? oriEntAtions? 30
Globalization 31 ApplicAtion?of?gloBAlizAtion?to?this?tExt? 31
summary?and?review? 31 thinking?critically?about?chapter?1 33
2 Culture 34 What Is Culture? 36
Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life 36 Practicing Cultural Relativism 38
AttAck?on?culturAl?rElAtivism? 42
Components of Symbolic Culture 42 Gestures 42
misunDErstAnDing?AnD?offEnsE 42? ? univErsAl? gEsturEs? 43
Language 43 lAnguAgE?Allows?humAn?ExpEriEncE?to?BE? cumulAtivE 44? ? lAnguAgE?proviDEs?A?sociAl? or?shArED?pAst 44? ? lAnguAgE?proviDEs?A?sociAl? or?shArED?futurE 44? ? lAnguAgE?Allows?shArED? pErspEctivEs 44? ? lAnguAgE?Allows?shArED,? goAl-DirEctED?BEhAvior 45
Language and Perception: The SapirWhorf Hypothesis 46 Values, Norms, and Sanctions 46 Folkways, Mores, and Taboos 48
Many Cultural Worlds 49 Subcultures 49 Countercultures 52
Values in U.S. Society 52 An Overview of U.S. Values 52 Value Clusters 53 Value Contradictions 53 An Emerging Value Cluster 54 When Values Clash 55 Values as Distorting Lenses 55 Ideal versus Real Culture 55
Cultural Universals 56
Sociobiology and Human Behavior 57
Technology in the Global Village 58 The New Technology 58 Cultural Lag and Cultural Change 58 Technology and Cultural Leveling 60 summary?and?review 61 thinking?critically?about?chapter?2 62
Contents
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vi? contents
3 Socialization 63 Society Makes Us Human 65
Feral Children 65 Isolated Children 66 Institutionalized Children 67
thE?orphAnAgE?ExpErimEnt?in?thE?unitED?stAtEs 67? ? thE?orphAnAgE?ExpErimEnt?in?romAniA 68? ? timing? AnD?humAn?DEvElopmEnt 68
Deprived Animals 69
Socialization into the Self and Mind 70 Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self 70 Mead and Role Taking 70 Piaget and the Development of Reasoning 72 Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning 73
Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions 73 Freud and the Development of Personality 73
sociologicAl?EvAluAtion 74
Kohlberg and the Development of Morality 74 kohlBErgs?thEory 74? ? criticisms?of? kohlBErg 75? ? rEsEArch?with?BABiEs 75? ? thE? culturAl?rElAtivity?of?morAlity 75
Socialization into Emotions 75 gloBAl?Emotions 75? ? ExprEssing?Emotions:? gEnDEr?rulEs 75? ? thE?ExtEnt?of?fEEling? rulEs 76? ? whAt?wE?fEEl? 76? ? rEsEArch?nEEDED 76
Society within Us: The Self and Emotions as Social Control 77
Socialization into Gender 77 Learning the Gender Map 77 Gender Messages in the Family 77
pArEnts 77? ? toys?AnD?plAy 78 ? sAmE-sEx?pArEnts 80
Gender Messages from Peers 80 Gender Messages in the Mass Media 80
tElEvision,?moviEs,?AnD?cArtoons 81 ? viDEo?gAmEs 81? ? ADvErtising 81
Agents of Socialization 83 The Family 83
sociAl?clAss?AnD?typE?of?work 83 ? sociAl?clAss?AnD?plAy 83
The Neighborhood 84 Religion 84 Day Care 84 The School 85 Peer Groups 85 The Workplace 88
Resocialization 88 Total Institutions 88
Socialization through the Life Course 90 Childhood (from birth to about age 12) 90 Adolescence (ages 1317) 91 Transitional Adulthood (ages 1829) 91
Bring?your?pArEnts?to?work?DAy. 92
The Middle Years (ages 3065) 92 thE?EArly?miDDlE?yEArs?(AgEs?3049) 92 ? thE?lAtEr?miDDlE?yEArs?(AgEs?5065) 92
The Older Years (about age 65 on) 92 thE?trAnsitionAl?olDEr?yEArs?(AgEs?6574) 92? ? thE?lAtEr?olDEr?yEArs?(AgE?75?or?so?on) 93
Applying the Sociological Perspective to the Life Course 93
Are We Prisoners of Socialization? 93 summary?and?review 94 thinking?critically?about?chapter?3 95
4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 96 Levels of Sociological Analysis 98
Macrosociology and Microsociology 98
The Macrosociological Perspective: Social Structure 99 The Sociological Significance of Social Structure 99 Culture 101 Social Class 101 Social Status 101
stAtus?sEts 101? ? AscriBED?AnD?AchiEvED? stAtusEs 101? ? stAtus?symBols 102? ? mAstEr? stAtusEs 102? ? stAtus?inconsistEncy 102
Roles 103 Groups 103 Social Institutions 104 Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives 105
thE?functionAlist?pErspEctivE 105? ? thE?conflict? pErspEctivE 106?
Changes in Social Structure 106 What Holds Society Together? 106
mEchAnicAl?AnD?orgAnic?soliDArity 106 ? Gemeinschaft AnD Gesellschaft 107 ? how?rElEvAnt?ArE?thEsE?concEpts?toDAy? 107
The Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Everyday Life 109
Symbolic Interaction 109 stErEotypEs?in?EvEryDAy?lifE 109? ? pErsonAl? spAcE 113? ? EyE?contAct 114? ? ?smiling 114 ? BoDy?lAnguAgE 114? ? AppliED?BoDy?lAnguAgE 114
Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 114 stAgEs 115? ? rolE?pErformAncE,?conflict,?AnD? strAin? 115? ? sign-vEhiclEs 115? ? tEAmwork 116 ? BEcoming?thE?rolEs?wE?plAy 118? ? Applying? imprEssion?mAnAgEmEnt 118
Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Assumptions 119 The Social Construction of Reality 120 ? ? gynEcologicAl?ExAminAtions 120
The Need for both Macrosociology and Microsociology 122 summary?and?review 125 thinking?critically?about?chapter?4 126
5 How Sociologists Do Research 127 What Is a Valid Sociological Topic? 129
Common Sense and the Need for Sociological Research 129
A Research Model 129 1. Selecting a Topic 130 2. Defining the Problem 130
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contents vii
3. Reviewing the Literature 130 4. Formulating a Hypothesis 130 5. Choosing a Research Method 130 6. Collecting the Data 130 7. Analyzing the Results 131 8. Sharing the Results 131
Research Methods (Designs) 131 Surveys 133
sElEcting?A?sAmplE 133? ? Asking?nEutrAl? QuEstions 134? ? QuEstionnAirEs?AnD? intErviEws 134? ? EstABlishing?rApport 136
Participant Observation (Fieldwork) 136 Case Studies 137 Secondary Analysis 137 Analysis of Documents 137 Experiments 139 Unobtrusive Measures 141 Deciding Which Method to Use 141 Controversy in Sociological Research 141
Gender in Sociological Research 143
Ethics in Sociological Research 143 Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research 144 Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research 144
How Research and Theory Work Together 145 The Real World: When the Ideal Meets the Real 145 summary?and?review? 147 thinking?critically?about?chapter?5? 147
6 Societies to Social Networks 148 Societies and Their Transformation 150
Hunting and Gathering Societies 150 Pastoral and Horticultural Societies 152 Agricultural Societies 152 Industrial Societies 153 Postindustrial (Information) Societies 154 Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of
Society Emerging? 154
Groups within Society 156 Primary Groups 158
proDucing?A?mirror?within 158
Secondary Groups 158 In-Groups and Out-Groups 158
shAping?pErcEption?AnD?morAlity 159
Reference Groups 159 EvAluAting?oursElvEs 160? ? ExposurE?to? contrADictory?stAnDArDs?in?A?sociAlly?DivErsE? sociEty 160
Social Networks 160 AppliED?nEtwork?AnAlysis 161? ? thE?smAll?worlD? phEnomEnon 161? ? is?thE?smAll?worlD?phEnomEnon? An?AcADEmic?myth? 162? ? BuilDing?unintEntionAl? BArriErs 162
Group Dynamics 162 Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy 163 Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior 164
lABorAtory?finDings?AnD?thE?rEAl?worlD 165
Leadership 167 who?BEcomEs?A?lEADEr? 167? ? typEs?of?lEADErs 167? ? lEADErship?stylEs 168? ? lEADErship?stylEs?in? chAnging?situAtions 168
The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment 169
The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment 170 Global Consequences of Group Dynamics:
Groupthink 171 prEvEnting?groupthink 172
summary?and?review 172 thinking?critically?about?chapter?6 173
7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations 174
The Rationalization of Society 176 Why Did Society Make a Deep Shift in Human
Relationships? 176 lifE?in?trADitionAl?sociEtiEs 176? ? thE?shift? to?rAtionAlity?As?sociEtiEs?inDustriAlizED 176
Marx: Capitalism Broke Tradition 178
Weber: Religion Broke Tradition 178 thE?two?viEws?toDAy 178
Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies 179 Formal Organizations 179 The Characteristics of Bureaucracies 179 Ideal versus Real Bureaucracy 181 Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation of
Bureaucracies 183 Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies 184
rED?tApE:?A?rulE?is?A?rulE 184? ? lAck?of? communicAtion?BEtwEEn?units 184 ? BurEAucrAtic?incompEtEncE 184
Alienation of Workers 185 cAusEs?of?AliEnAtion 185? ? thE?AliEnAtED? BurEAucrAt 186? ? rEsisting?AliEnAtion 186
Voluntary Associations 187 Functions of Voluntary Associations 187 Motivations for Joining 188 The Inner Circle and the Iron Law of Oligarchy 188
thE?innEr?circlE 188? ? thE?iron?lAw?of? oligArchy? 188
Working for the Corporation 189 Humanizing the Work Setting 189
workEr?EmpowErmEnt 189? ? corporAtE?chilD? cArE 190? ? thE?conflict?pErspEctivE 190? ? workErs? AttEmpts?to?humAnizE?work 190
Fads in Corporate Culture 190 Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes in the Hidden
Corporate Culture 192 sElf-fulfilling?stErEotypEs?AnD?promotions 192
Diversity in the Workplace 192
Technology and the Maximum-Security Society 193 summary?and?review 195 thinking?critically?about?chapter?7 195
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viii? contents
8 Deviance and Social Control 196 What Is Deviance? 198
thE?rElAtivity?of?DEviAncE 198? ? A?nEutrAl? tErm 198? ? stigmA 199
How Norms Make Social Life Possible 199 Sanctions 200 Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology,
Psychology, and Sociology 200 BiosociAl?ExplAnAtions 201? ? psychologicAl? ExplAnAtions 201? ? sociologicAl? ExplAnAtions 201
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 201 Differential Association Theory 202
ThE ThEory 202? ? fAmiliEs 202? ? friEnDs,? nEighBorhooDs,?AnD?suBculturEs 202 ? DiffErEntiAl?AssociAtion?in?thE?cyBEr? AgE 203? ? prison?or?frEEDom? 203
Control Theory 203 ThE ThEory 203? ? Applying?control?thEory 204
Labeling Theory 204 rEjEcting?lABEls:?how?pEoplE?nEutrAlizE? DEviAncE 204? ? Applying?nEutrAlizAtion 206? ? EmBrAcing?lABEls:?thE?ExAmplE?of? outlAw?BikErs 206? ? lABEls?cAn?BE? powErful 207? ? how?Do?lABEls?work? 208
The Functionalist Perspective 208 Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society? 208 Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values
Produce Deviance 209 four?DEviAnt?pAths 210
Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class and Crime 211 strEEt?crimE 211? ? whitE-collAr? crimE 211? ? gEnDEr?AnD?crimE 213?
The Conflict Perspective 214 Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 214 The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument
of Oppression 214
Reactions to Deviance 216 Street Crime and Prisons 216 The Decline in Violent Crime 218 Recidivism 219 The Death Penalty and Bias 220
gEogrAphy 220? ? sociAl?clAss 220? ? gEnDEr 220? ? rAcEEthnicity 222
The Trouble with Official Statistics 223 The Medicalization of Deviance:
Mental Illness 224 nEithEr?mEntAl?nor?illnEss? 224? ? thE?homElEss? mEntAlly?ill 225
The Need for a More Humane Approach 226 summary?and?review 226 thinking?critically?about?chapter?8 227
9 Global Stratification 228 Systems of Social Stratification 230
Slavery 231
cAusEs?of?slAvEry 231? ? conDitions?of? slAvEry 231? ? BonDED?lABor?in?thE?nEw? worlD 232? ? slAvEry?in?thE?nEw? worlD 232? ? slAvEry?toDAy 232
Caste 233 inDiAs?rEligious?cAstEs 233? ? south?AfricA 234 ? A?u.s.?rAciAl?cAstE?systEm 235
Estate 236 womEn?in?thE?EstAtE?systEm 236
Class 236 Global Stratification and the Status of Females 237 The Global Superclass 237
What Determines Social Class? 238 Karl Marx: The Means of Production 238 Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige 239
Why Is Social Stratification Universal? 240 The Functionalist View: Motivating Qualified People 240
DAvis?AnD?moorEs?ExplAnAtion 240? ? tumins? critiQuE?of?DAvis?AnD?moorE 240
The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict and Scarce Resources 241 moscAs?ArgumEnt 241? ? mArxs?ArgumEnt? 242? ? currEnt?ApplicAtions?of?conflict?thEory 242
Lenskis Synthesis 242
How Do Elites Maintain Stratification? 243 Soft Control versus Force 243
controlling?pEoplEs?iDEAs 243? ? controlling?informAtion 244? ? stifling? criticism 244? ? Big?BrothEr? tEchnology 244?
Comparative Social Stratification 245 Social Stratification in Great Britain 245 Social Stratification in the Former
Soviet Union 245
Global Stratification: Three Worlds 246
thE?proBlEm?with?tErms 247
The Most Industrialized Nations 247 The Industrializing Nations 250 The Least Industrialized Nations 251 Modifying the Model 251
How Did the Worlds Nations Become Stratified? 254
Colonialism 254 World System Theory 254 Culture of Poverty 256 Evaluating the Theories 256
Maintaining Global Stratification 257 Neocolonialism 257
rElEvAncE?toDAy 257
Multinational Corporations 257 Buying?politicAl?stABility 258? ? unAnticipAtED? consEQuEncEs 258
Technology and Global Domination 258
Strains in the Global System 259 summary?and?review 259 thinking?critically?about?chapter?9 260 260
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contents ix
10 Social Class in the United States 261 What Is Social Class? 263
Property 263 Distinguishing?BEtwEEn?wEAlth?AnD?incomE 263? ? DistriBution?of?propErty 264? ? DistriBution? of?incomE 264
Power 266 thE?DEmocrAtic?fAcADE 266? ? thE?powEr?ElitE 266
Prestige 268 occupAtions?AnD?prEstigE 268? ? DisplAying? prEstigE 268
Status Inconsistency 269
Sociological Models of Social Class 270 Updating Marx 270 Updating Weber 272
thE?cApitAlist?clAss 273? ? thE?uppEr-miDDlE? clAss 273? ? thE?lowEr-miDDlE?clAss 274? ? thE? working?clAss 274? ? thE?working?poor 274? ? thE?unDErclAss 275
Consequences of Social Class 275 Physical Health 276 Mental Health 276 Family Life 276
choicE?of?husBAnD?or?wifE 277 ? DivorcE 277? ? chilD?rEAring 277
Education 277 Religion 277 Politics 278 Crime and Criminal Justice 278
Social Mobility 279 Three Types of Social Mobility 279 Women in Studies of Social Mobility 280 The Pain of Social Mobility 280
Poverty 283 Drawing the Poverty Line 283 Who Are the Poor? 284
thE?gEogrAphy?of?povErty? 284
rAcEEthnicity? 286? ? EDucAtion? 286 ? thE?fEminizAtion?of?povErty? 286? ? olD?AgE? 287
Children of Poverty 287 The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture of Poverty 287 Why Are People Poor? 289 Deferred Gratification 289 Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of a Myth 290
Peering into the Future: Will We Live in a Three-Tier Society? 291
summary?and?review 292 thinking?critically?about?chapter?10 293
11 Sex and Gender 294 Issues of Sex and Gender 296
thE?sociologicAl?significAncE?of?gEnDEr 296
Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture? 296 The Dominant Position in Sociology 298 Opening the Door to Biology 298
A?mEDicAl?AcciDEnt? 298? ? thE?viEtnAm?vEtErAns? stuDy 299? ? morE?rEsEArch?on?humAns 299
Gender Inequality in Global Perspective 300 How Did Females Become a Minority Group? 301
humAn?rEproDuction 301? ? hAnD-to-hAnD?comBAt 303 ? which?onE? 303? ? continuing?DominAncE 303
Sex Typing of Work 303 Gender and the Prestige of Work 304 Other Areas of Global Discrimination 304
thE?gloBAl?gAp?in?EDucAtion 304? ? thE?gloBAl? gAp?in?politics 304? ? thE?gloBAl?gAp?in?pAy 307 ? gloBAl?violEncE?AgAinst?womEn 307
Gender Inequality in the United States 308 Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism 308 Gender Inequality in Everyday Life 311
DEvAluAtion?of?things?fEmininE 311
Gender Inequality in Health Care 311 Gender Inequality in Education 313
thE?pAst 313? ? A?funDAmEntAl?chAngE 313? ? gEnDEr? trAcking 314? ? grADuAtE?school?AnD?BEyonD 314
Gender Inequality in the Workplace 316 The Pay Gap 316
historicAl?BAckgrounD 316? ? gEogrAphicAl? fActors 317? ? thE?tEstostEronE?Bonus 317 ? rEAsons?for?thE?gEnDEr?pAy?gAp 319? ? thE?cEo? powEr?gAp 320
Is the Glass Ceiling Cracking? 320 thE?womEn?who?BrEAk?through 320 ? AnD?thE?futurE? 320
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