Exam preparation: Study Unit 3 – Learning Outcome 3. (Lecture session 3 in PowerPoint slides)
3. Discuss how the threats to internal validity undermine causal inference. Support your answers with examples.
The threats are 1) History, 2) Maturation, 3) Testing, 4) Instrumentation, 5) Selection bias, 6) Mortality, 7) Regression to the mean, 8) Placebo factors
PS: Hello, please answer the above questions. The textbook, study guide
and lecture slides must be used as references. You must use the
materials taught in class (see lecture slides) to answer the questions.
Thank you.
PS: Hi, can you underline the keywords and essential sentences in the
finished answers which you think are important for gaining marks; my
typing speed is slow, and if a similar exam question comes out and time
is running out during the exam, at least I will know which are the
essential things which I must type in before the exam time finishes,
thank you so much for the help, I really appreciate it. 🙂
PS: Please do not use AI tools or commit prevent plagiarism. Some of the
students were discovered although they were using AI tools like
Undetectable.AI etc to avoid detection. Thanks.
PS: Always explain WHY you have given a particular answer in your response.
Please highlight in red the explanations as to WHY you have given a
particular answer to a question, thank you.
