Progress Report MPPT circuit driven by an Arduino 1.ABSTRACT:MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) are electronic devices that Engineers are designing, making and improving to get the maximum power out of solar panels at various condition.2.INTRODUCTION:As we all know, most of the energy currently consumed comes from the use of fossil fuels like oil, coal, natural gas or even nuclear energy. Recent studies and forecasts inform us thatthe massive use of these resources will certainly lead to the total depletion of thesereserves. In addition, everyone is globally convinced by the danger of this processon the environment.From this observation, it was necessary to look for other energy resources. renewable (Green) energies such as photovoltaic and wind are alternatives, they are becoming more and more used in our days. This type of energy is not only free and inexhaustible, but also very clean for the environment. Moreover, we often talk about Green, an energywitch completely avoids polluting the Earth compared with traditional sources [1]Power grid distribution networks cannot be enough to provide electricity to the entire world population whether they are in the mountains or on an island, in the less inhabited or in the middle of the desert, sites that are difficult to access or very isolated cannot always be connected to the grid for lack of technical solutions or economic viability. Whereas (PV) panel can be implemented in any remote areas.Solar Energy is one of the greener renewable form of power widely used today. However, harvesting this source to the maximum can be very challenging as there are many factors to consider.MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) are electronic devices that Engineers are designing, making and improving to get the maximum power out of solar panels at various conditions. The objective of this work was to design and build an MPP Tracking circuit for a photovoltaic panel system that uses (DC/DC) Buck converter based on an Arduino Uno Board. The Algorithm Perturb and Observe( P&O) was implemented to compute and track the maximum power of the Solar panel at any given voltage inputs ranging from 23V to 70V DC. The circuit was simulated on MATLAB . for analysis and built and tested on a PV simulator in the Lab.3.Aims and Objectives:The aim is to illustrate the importance Of an MPPT device in increasing the Powerefficiency of PV panels byIdentifying different components of the MPPTList the various Algorithm used to track the maximum powerBuild MPPT circuitImplement two MPPT algorithms, compare and analyse the efficiencyDraw a conclusion4.Approach & methodology: To illustrate the importance of MPPT devices and for designing ,making an MPPT circuit for solar panel,this project is divided into different activities each activity is given a specific time frame and task. the following activities adopted are:Activity 1:literature review of photovoltaic system is important to understanding the concept and the working condition of solar cellsimportance of MPPT deviceshighlight the different MPPT algorithms used and their advantages and disadvantagesdifferent MPPT circuit used and the proposed Buck converted circuit will be investigated and the components choice justified.Activity 2:Identify the different components of an MPPT:Build a Buck converter Circuit and test its functionalityVoltage sensor usedCurrent sensor typeMicrocontroller (Arduino Board)Activity 3: Build and test the MPPT circuitChecking the performance of the built MPPT circuit under a different irradiance conditionCompare the Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm with a fixed set algorithmMATLAB simulation of the built circuitActivity 4:Highlight any issues and any improvement to the circuit Draw a conclusion 5.Literature Survey/Theory:Photovoltaic cell A photovoltaic cell is an opto-electrical component that transforms solar light into electricity, discovered by E. Becquerel in 1839.Photovoltaic cell consists of a P-N type semiconductor material. linked together to form a p-n junction .this will form an electric field in the region of the junction as electrons jump to the positive p-side and holes shift to the negative n-side[5] photons in the sun light, cause the electrons in the PV Cell to jump to a higher energy state known as the conduction band. In their new state, these electrons are free to move through the material, this motion of the former generates an electric current in the Photovoltaic cell. Since that time work have been made to improve efficiency and make affordable solar cells. Figure (1.1) represents a sample configuration of the photovoltaic cell. https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Photovoltaic_cell Figure (1.1): Diagram of a photovoltaic cell https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-PV-cellPhotovoltaic effect solar energy comes from the direct transformation of part of the solar radiation into electrical energy. This energy conversion is done through a cell called photovoltaic based on a physical phenomenon named photovoltaic effect system which consists in producing an electromotive force when the surface of this cell is exposed to light [1] [2]. The elementary photovoltaic cell creates a very low power generator. A cell only ten centimeters square delivers at most, a few watts at a voltage less than one volt [ 3]. To produce more power, several cells must be assembled in order to create a module or a photovoltaic field. The serial connection of the cells allows to easily increase the voltage of the set, while parallel connection increases the current Serial / parallel wiring is therefore used to obtain an overall PV generator with the desired characteristics.Photovoltaic module The most crucial component of any PV installation is the photovoltaic module, which consists of interconnected solar cells. These modules are connected to each other to form power (station fields) so that they can satisfy different levels of energy needs. Figure (1.2) shows a photovoltaic module. More and more powerful modules are available on the market, especially for thenetwork connection, but there is still a limit related to weight and manipulation. Figure (1.2): Photovoltaic ModulePhotovoltaic power station The photovoltaic power station consists of photovoltaic modules interconnected inseries and in parallel in order to produce the required power. These modules are mounted on a metal frame with an angle of inclination for a better power outcomeFigure (1.3) shows a photovoltaic power station. Figure (1.3) Photovoltaic Power Station1.3 Photovoltaic Modeling1.3.1 Ideal photovoltaic model The photovoltaic module can be represented by its equivalent electrical circuitgiven by figure (1.4)https://www.google.com/search?q=IDEAL+PV+CIRCUIT&num=100&safe=active&rlz=1C1CHBF_en-GBGB768GB768&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM3MDj7rDfAhWCURUIHaYfDlsQ_AUIDigB&biw=734&bih=625#imgrc=mGwkgaetFdwPnM: Figure (1.4): Ideal circuit of the PV cell This circuit is composed of a current generator source which produces a current proportional to the incident sun light power, a parallel diode which corresponds to the transition area P-N junction of the PV module [4].The current generated by the module is mathematically written to describes the Current and voltage (I-V) characteristic. I=IpvI0exp?qvAkT1Idsymbols are defined as follows Ipv Output current of the cells (directly proportional to the Sun irradiation).Id diode equation. q the electron charge (1.60217646 × 10?19 C).k Boltzmann constant (1.3806503 × 10?23 J/K).I0 cell is the reverse saturation or leakage current of the diode.Iph function of irradiation level and junction temperature (5 A). T the temperature of the pn junction (in Kelvin).A diode ideality constant. e: electron charge (1.602 × 10-19 C).Ic cell output current (A). I0 reverse saturation current of diode (0.0002 A).Tc reference cell operating temperature (20 °C).Vc: cell output voltage ( V).Rs series resistance of cell (0.001 ?). 1.3.2 Real photovoltaic model In the real case, there is a loss of voltage at the output as well as currents leakagethus, the previous photovoltaic model did not account for all the phenomenapresent during the conversion of sun light energy. We model this voltage lossby series resistance and leakage currents by parallel resistance [4]. Thefigure (1.5) represents equivalent electrical diagram of a real photovoltaic module. Figure (1.5): real circuit of the PV cellThe current generated by the PV module is given by Kirchhoffs lawIpv=IPhIdIshId=I0?q(Vpv+RsI)A.K.Tc1Ish=Vpv+Rs*IpvRshIpv=IPhI0?qVpv+RsIA.K.Tc1Vpv+Rs*IpvRsh Ipv is the current supplied by the PV module. IPh=IccG1000 is the photo- current depending on the illumination (G) K is the Boltzmann constant (1.381 joule / Kelvin)q is the electron charge = 1.602* 1019C. T is the temperature of the PV module in kelvin. A is the ideality factor of the junction (1
