Why did Walmart ‘fail’ in Germany?
What do you think Walmart has learned from this experience that it can use in other markets it enters?

Q1 Core readings

Christopherson, S (2007) Barriers to ‘US style’ lean retailing: the case of Wal-Mart’s failure in Germany,Journal of Economic Geography, Volume 7, Issue 4, 1 July 2007, Pages 451–469,https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm010

Durand, C and Wrigley, N (2009) Institutional and Economic Determinants of Transnational Retailer Expansion and Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Wal-Mart and Carrefour, Environment and Planning A, Vol 41, Issue 7, Available at: http://cemi.ehess.fr/docannexe/file/2484/durand.wrigley.pdf

Subhadra, K. (2004) Walmart’s German Misadventure. Hyderabad, India: ICFAI Center for Management Research. (On Canvas)